• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2007

Humans are exposed by a range of pollutants in soil via exposure routes such as ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Risk assessment is a process of evaluating the adverse health effects of chemicals as a result of exposure to stressors, and it is a very useful tool to establish the cleanup goals in contaminated lands. In the exposure assessment that is one of main process in risk assessment, exposure factor plays a significant role to quantify the intake of soil pollutants. However there is a very limited study about the exposure factor applicable to Korea. In this study, we compared the exposure factors applied by the developed countries including the United States and representative European countries, and suggested the exposure factor that might be suitable in our situation. The exposure factors considered in this study include average lifetime, body weight, (exposed) skin surface area, life time, skin absorption, soil-skin adherence factor, and soil ingestion rate. This information is needed to quantitatively estimate the intake of soil pollutants in contaminated lands.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of some decontamination agents against skin contamination of $^{60}Co$ and $^{137}Cs$, the experiments were carried out in this study. In the experiments, pig skin was used instead of human skin , $^{60}CoC1_2$ and $^{137}CsCl$ were used the liquid sources of skin contamination. To examine the effectiveness of decontamination agents, skin decontamination was tried using soup, EDTA, KAERICON which was developed for decontamination of radionulides on the surface of building structure, and new decontamination agents such as IOCON, TRICON, and CHARCON, which were developed in this study. The absorption of radionuclides through the skin was evaluated by the gamma-tay detection on the surface of sample skin after radionuclides were penetrated into the skin during 16 hour soiling time. The results of this absorption experiment indicated that 11.5% and 3.2% of initial amounts of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{60}Co$, respectively, were panerated into the skin. In the experiment to remove the residual radioactivity fixed on the skin, KAERICON showed the decontamination rates up to 52.1%(decontamination factor of 2.1) and IOCON showed the equivalent decontamination rate (decontamination factor 1.9) for $^{137}Cs$. However, IOCON and CHARCON showed the poor decontamination rates of less than 20%(decontamination factor of 1.2) for $^{60}Co$, and KAERICON showed the poor decontamination rate (decontamination factor 1.1) for $^{60}Co$. For TRICON, the decontamination factors were 1.6 to 1.8 for $^{137}Cs$, and 1.0 to 1.2 for $^{60}Co$, respectively.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.23-36
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• 2004

Objective : It is recently reported that enema therapy can be effective to enteric disease as well as painful disease, skin disease, immune disease. We look around many reports, books and make a comparative study of colon irrigation, coffee enema, retention enema. Method : I referred to many papers and books about three kinds of enema therapy. Results and Conclusions : 1. Colon irrigation remove fecal inpaction from colon and stimulate perisitalsis by injecting clean water to colon and also increase absorption ability. 2. Coffee enema inject coffee directly to colon, it is effective to detoxification, reducing pain by discharge of bile juice and toxic matters. 3. Retention enema use many kinds of suitable herb medicine to cure different disease by absorption to rectal mucous membrane. It is effective to acute, chronic disease, inflammatory disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.241-251
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• 2018

The present study is carried out to examine the combined effect of heat absorption on flow model. The model consists of unsteady flow of a viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting fluid. The flow is along an impulsively started oscillating vertical plate with variable mass diffusion. The magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plate. The fluid model under consideration has been solved by Laplace transform technique. The numerical data obtained is discussed with the help of graphs and table. The numerical values obtained for skin-friction have been tabulated. To shorten the lengthy equations in the solution some symbols have been assumed, which are mentioned in appendix. The appendix is included in the article as the last section of the manuscript.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.157-178
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• 2019

The present correspondence is conveyed on to consider the fascinating and novel characteristics of radiative hydromagnetic convective flow of a chemically reacting fluid over an exponentially accelerated inclined porous plate. Exact solutions for the fluid velocity, temperature and species concentration, under Boussinesq approximation, are obtained in closed form by the two term perturbation technique. The interesting parts of thermal dispersing outcomes are accounted in this correspondence. Graphical evaluation is appeared to depict the trademark direct of introduced parameters on non dimensional velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. Also, the numerical assortment for skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number is examined through tables. The certification of current examination is confirmed by making an examination with past revelations available in composing, which sets a benchmark for utilization of computational approach.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.116-126
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• 2013

Glycol ethers are a group of solvents based on alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol commonly used in paints. These solvents typically have a higher boiling point, together with the favorable solvent properties of lower-molecular weight ethers and alcohols. The word "Glycol ethers" was registered as a United States trademark by Union Carbide Corp. Typically, glycol ethers are found in pharmaceuticals, sunscreens, cosmetics, inks, dyes and water based paints. On the other hand, glycol ethers are used in degreasers, cleaners, aerosol paints and adhesives. Most glycol ethers are relatively water soluble, biodegradable and only a few are considered toxic. Therefore, they are unlikely to pose an adverse risk to the environment. Recent study suggests that occupational exposure to glycol ethers is related to low motile sperm count in men, but the finding has been disputed by others. In this study, skin permeation of 3 types glycol ethers were studied in vitro using matrix such as solvent and detergent. The absorption of glycol ethers[methyl glycol ethers(MC), ethyl glycol ethers(EC) and butyl glycol ethers(BC)] has been measured in vitro through rat skin. Epidermal membranes were set up in Franz diffusion cells and their permeability to PBS measured to establish the integrity of the skin before the glycol ethers were applied to the epidermal surface. Absorption rates for each glycol ethers were determined and permeability assessment made to quantify any irreversible alterations in barrier function due to contact with the esters. Types of glycol ethers in vitro experimental results on MC> EC> BC quickly appeared in the following order: skin permeation was beneficial to the skin permeation small molecular weight, the difference in chemical structure, such as hydrophilic, because with the partition coefficient and solubility mechanisms and passive diffusion to increase the speed at which transmission is considered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1128-1128
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• 2001

We have developed a probe for measuring the light levels inside illuminated fruit. The probe has minimal effect on the light levels being measured and enables the sampling of the light flux at any point within the fruit. We present experimental light extinction rates within apple, nashi, kiwifruit, and mandarin fruit. Moving from the illuminated side to the far side of the fruit, the extinction level follows an initial power law decay as the light diffuses into the fruit then reduces to an exponential decay through the rest of the fruit. Significant variations in the rates of light extinction are found in the core, skin and differing flesh regions. Monte Carlo simulations of the light distribution in fruit, which use scattering and absorption coefficients for the diffusely scattering tissue, and boundary conditions for the skin effects, produce results that follow the experimental results closely.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 1998

The effect of various vehicles on the permeation of a model drug, ketoprofen in solution formulation was evaluated using a flow-through diffusion cell system at $37^{\circ}C$. To investigate the mechanism of permeation rate enhancement, the effects of pretreatment with various vehicles on the permeation of the drug were evaluated using 5 mg/ml solution and saturated solution. The order of permeation rate of ketoprofen across hairless mouse skin after pretreatment with various vehicles was similar to the case where the vehicles and the drug were coadministered except ethanol and oleic acid. The results indicate that the mechanism of enhancement can be direct action of the vehicles on the barrier property of the skin and/or carrier mechanism.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 1998

Pulsed Er: YAG and CO$_2$ lasers induced temperature rise of tissue is studied using axisymmetric, two-dimensional, and transient Pennes bio-heat equation for elucidating the implications of skin resurfacing. Modeling indicates that Er:YAG laser induced temperature has much higher but more shallow distribution in tissue than that of the CO$_2$ laser because of much higher absorption coefficient. The increase of repetition rate does not much affect on temperature rise because these laser modalities have much shorter heat diffusion time than the temporal length of each off-pulse. This model works as a tool to understand the photothermal effect in the laser-tissue interaction.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 1996

A novel polymeric sunscreen agent was developed. It was prepared by the coupling reaction of 2-ethylhexyl 4-hydroxycinnamate with poly vinylbenzyl chloride(PVBC, average MW 6,500). In this reaction the reactivity was mostly affected by catalyst. In the absence of catalyst the yield was approximately 55% and in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide the yield was about 65%, but in the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide the yield was 100% to give a average molecular weight 20,000 polymeric sunscreen agent. There were no side reactions, and its structure and purity were confirmed by various analytical methods, such as NMR, IR, and so on. UV radiation absorption efficiency is more than 70% compared with that of octyl methoxycinnamate. The solubility in polar oil, for example C12-15 alkylbenzoate and caprylic/capric triglyceride, is more than 50%. It showed high stability in the time course of test including acceleration test. This polymer is safe to skin because of poor permeability to skin, no side products in the process of preparing, and easy elimination of excess starting materials.