• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.511-516
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• 2004

Background: One of the theoretical advantages of skeletonized internal mammary artery harvesting in coronary artery bypass surgery is to minimize the interruption of the sternal blood flow inevitably accompanied by internal mammary harvesting. A study using bone scan is designed to determine the effects of internal mammary artery harvesting technique on the sternal blood flow. Material and Method: From April 2002 to March 2003, 27 patients out of 48 patients who underwent the isolated coronary bypass surgery were enrolled into the study. The enrolled patients underwent bone scan in the preoperative period and postoperative period respectively. Bilateral internal mammary artery was used in 8 patients (BIMA group) and single left internal mammary artery in 19 patients (LIMA group). The patients in LIMA group were divided into two groups: LlMA_skel group, in whom left internal mammary artery was harvested in skeletonized fashion (n=12), and LlMA_ped group, in whom left internal mammary artery was harvested in pedicled fashion (n=7). After the bone scan, the region of interest (ROI) was created on the left of the sternum and the mirror image with the same pixel numbers was placed on the right half of the sternum. The mean counts per pixel on the left side of the sternum was compared with those on the right side and expressed as left to right ratio (L/R ratio). Result: In LIMA group, the L/R ratio decreased from 94.6$\pm$4.1% to 87.9$\pm$6.9% (p=0.003) after the operation as compared to BIMA group, in which no change of the L/R ratio was observed. The changed of the L/R ratio in LlMA_skel group and LlMA_ped group were from 95.3$\pm$4.2% to 88.3$\pm$7.7% and from 93.4$\pm$3.9% to 87.4$\pm$5.8% respectively. The % changes in L/R ratio were -7.44 $\pm$7.08 in LIMA_skel group and -6.17$\pm$9.08 in LiMA_ped group, which did not reach the statistical difference. Conclusion: Ipsilateral sternal blood flow is interrupted by internal mammary artery harvesting as evidenced by the decrease in L/R ratio after left internal mammary artery harvesting irrespective of the harvesting techniques. Skeletonized harvesting did not show superiority in respect to sternal blood flow as compared to pedicled harvesting.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

One of the biggest problems of skeletonization is the occurrence of distortions at the junction point of the final binary image. At the junction area, a single point usually becomes a small stroke, and the corresponding trajectory task, as well as the OCR, consequently becomes more complicated. We therefore propose an adaptive post-processing method that uses an adaptive threshold technique to correct the distortions. Our proposed method transforms the distorted segments into a single point so that they are as similar to the original image as possible, and this improves the static handwriting images after the skeletonization process. Further, we attained promising results regarding the usage of the enhanced skeletonized images in other applications, thereby proving the expediency and efficiency of the proposed method.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.218-219
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• 2021

The identification of human remains can be performed visually through families and next-of-kin, but it is not advisable to rely only on visual recognition; instead, it is preferable to conduct a forensic comparison of antemortem and postmortem data for primary identifiers (fingerprints, DNA, and dental data). A dental autopsy is particularly valuable in the identification process of skeletonized, carbonized, saponified, and fragmented human remains. The principal challenge in the identification process is the search and collection of antemortem data. To this end, all dental information held on a missing person can represent a precious source of individualizing information that families should share with the police or investigating agencies after reporting a disappearance.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2003

Purpose : To evaluate the relationship between morphometric analysis of bone microstructure from digital radiographic image and trabecular bone strength. Materials and Methods : One hundred eleven bone specimens with 5 mm thickness were obtained from the mandibles of 5 pigs. Digital images of specimens were taken using a direct digital intraoral radiographic system. After selection of ROI (100 × 100 pixel) within the trabecular bone, mean gray level and standard deviation were obtained. Fractal dimension and the variants of morphometric analysis (trabecular area, periphery, length of skeletonized trabeculae, number of terminal point, number of branch point) were obtained from ROI. Punch sheer strength analysis was performed using Instron (model 4465, Instron Corp., USA). The loading force (loading speed 1 mm/min) was applied to ROI of bone specimen by a 2 mm diameter punch. Stress-deformation curve was obtained from the punch sheer strength analysis and maximum stress, yield stress, Young's modulus were measured. Results: Maximum stress had a negative linear correlation with mean gray level and fractal dimension significantly (p<0.05). Yield stress had a negative linear correlation with mean gray level, periphery, fractal dimension and the length of skeletonized trabeculae significantly (p < 0.05). Young's modulus had a negative linear correlation with mean gray level and fractal dimension significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions : The strength of cancellous bone exhibited a significantly linear relationship between mean gray level, fractal dimension and morphometric analysis. The methods described above can be easily used to evaluate bone quality clinically.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1616-1622
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• 2002

If the surfaces of vesicles are chemically modified so that they can be dispersed in organic solvents, the application of vesicular colloids may be expanded. A polymerizable surfactant (BDAC) and nonpolymerizable bipolar surfactant (BPAS) were synthesized in multi-steps. Large vesicles composed of BDAC and BPAS with embedded a cross-linking agent (divinylbenzene) underwent a radical polymerization. BPAS was extracted out using methanol (skeletonization). The headgroup of BDAC was cleaved off via hydrolysis in an acidic condition to yield vesicles where surfaces were covered with -COOH groups. There was no significant change in the overall shape. The skeletonized vesicles appear to have many holes with diameters up to about 25 nm. The holes retained even after hydrolysis. The hydrolyzed vesicles were not dispersed in water and most organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and chloroform, but dispersed in methanol.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2005

Purpose : (1) To analyse the effect of exposure time, ROI size and one impact factor in the image processing procedure on estimates of fractal dimension; and (2) to analyse the correlated relationship between the fractal dimension and the Cu-Eq value (bone density). Materials and Methods : The cylindric bone phantoms of 6 large and 5 small diameter having different bone densities respectively and human dry mandible segment with copper step wedge were radiographed at 1.0 and 1.2 sec esposure (70 kVp, 7 mA) using one occlusal film and digitized. Eleven rectangular ROIs from 11 cylindric bone phantoms and 4 rectan-gular ROIs from cortical, middle, periodontal regions, and socket of bone were selected. Gaussian blurred Image was subtracted from original image of each ROI and multiplied respectively by 1, 0.8, and 0.5, and then the image was made binary, eroded and dilated once, and skeletonized. The fractal dimension was calculated by means of a box counting method in the software ImageJ. Results : The fractal dimension was decreased gradually with continued bone density decrease showing strong correlations (bone phantom; r> 0.87, bone; r> 0.68) under 70 kVp 1.0 sec M = 0.8. Fractal dimensions showed the significant differerence (p < 0.05) between two different exposure times on the same small ROI of bone phantom. Fractal dimensions between two different sizes of ROI on bone phantom showed the significant differerence (p < 0.05) under 1.2 sec exposure, but did not show it (p > 0.05) under 1.0 sec exposure. Conclusions : Exposure time, ROI size, and modifying factor during subtracting could become impacting on the results of fractal dimension. Fractal analysis with thoroughly evaluated method considering the various impacting factors on the results could be useful in assessing the bone density in dental radiography.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2014

In this paper, we proposed a new algorithm of the guidance line extraction for autonomous weeding robot based on infrared vision sensor in wet paddy. It is the critical process for guidance line extraction which finds the central point or area of rice row. In order to improve accuracy of the guidance line, we are trying to use the morphological characteristics of rice that the direction of rice leaves have convergence to central area of rice row. Using Hough transform, we were represented the curved leaves as a combination of segmented straight lines on binary image that has been skeletonized and segmented object. A slope of the guidance line was gotten as calculate the average slope of all segmented lines. An initial point of the guidance line was determined that is the maximum pixel value of the accumulated white columns of a binary image which is rotated the slope of guidance line in the opposite direction. We also have verified an accuracy of the proposed algorithm by experiments in the real wet paddy.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 1987

When the men die, uniform changes progress. Many investigators have studied about the time after death, but it's very difficult to measure the time elapsed since death, particularly in highly decomposed or probably skeletonized bodies. But the teeth are very stable to the changes of physical and chemical properties and their changes are very slow. At this point of view, the author studied this theme as one of the pioneers in our country. In this study, the author observed the degree of the dentinal expansion and the crack of enamel and cementum of the teeth which had been extracted from December, 1983 to September, 1987. The teeth were extracted from the male and female who was 18 to 85 year old. The results are followed; 1. The degree of dentinal expansion increased rapidly until 7 months with high degree and then decreased slowly. 2. The equation of regression for representing x as the degree of the dentinal expansion and y as the time elapsed since death, is y = 29.43-1.13x (p<0.05) 3. The crack of the enamel surface seemed to begin at 1 year from extraction and to increase apparently before or after 20 months. 4. The crack of the cementum began at 3 months from extraction and dendrite crack began at 16 months from extraction. After this, the crack increase continuously and the rate of cracking were more rapid as compared with that of enamel. 5. It seems to be useful to measure the time elapsed since death using the degree of dentinal expansion and the crack of enamel and cementum, particularly in the old bodies after death.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.327-334
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• 2005

This study was designed to investigate the effect of the surgical delay in the prefabricated cutaneous flap. Abdominal skin flaps (n=40), $4.5{\times}6.0cm$ in size, were created by the subcutaneous implantation of a saphenous vascular tissue in the male Sprague-Dawley rats. In the groups 1 and 2, the pedicle was skeletonized. In the groups 3 and 4, perivascular muscle cuff or gracilis fascia was retained, respectively. Six weeks later, each flap was elevated as an island flap and reposed in place. All flaps of the group 2 had a 72-hours of delay period. Five days after the flap repositioning, estimation of flap viability, microangiographies, and histological evaluation of vessel development were performed. The groups 2 and 3 showed higher viability in flap survival. The dilated choke vessels and fully developed vascular network were observed in the flap of the group 2, but not typically seen in the other groups. New vessels around the implanted pedicle were more developed in the group 2. Amount of the vessels in the mid-portion of the flap was significantly increased in the groups 2 and 4. In conclusion, the delay procedure enhanced the viability, and its effect was dependent on the new vessel formation around the implanted pedicle.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.742-747
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• 2013

Background The medial canthus is an important area in determining the impression of a person's facial appearance. It is composed of various structures, including canthal tendons, lacrimal canaliculi, conjunctiva, the tarsal plate, and skin tissues. Due to its complexity, medial canthal defect reconstruction has been a challenging procedure to perform. The contralateral paramedian forehead flap is usually used for large defects; however, the bulkiness of the glabella and splitting at the distal end of the flap are factors that can reduce the rate of flap survival. We reconstructed medial canthal defects using ipsilateral paramedian forehead flaps, minimizing glabellar bulkiness. Methods This study included 10 patients who underwent medial canthal reconstruction using ipsilateral paramedian forehead flaps between 2010 and 2012. To avoid an acute curve of the pedicle, which can cause venous congestion, we attempted to make the arc of the pedicle rounder. Additionally, the pedicle was skeletonized from the nasal root to the glabella to reduce the bulkiness. Results All patients had basal cell carcinoma, and 3 of them had recurrent basal cell carcinoma. All of the flaps were successful without total or partial flap loss. Two patients developed venous congestion of the flap, which was healed using medicinal leeches. Four patients developed epiphora, and 2 patients developed telecanthus. Conclusions Large defects of the medial canthus can be successfully reconstructed using ipsilateral paramedian forehead flaps. In addition, any accompanying venous congestion can be healed using medicinal leeches.