• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.189-198
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• 2015

This research has been launched in order to observe the osteological development of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus larvae and juveniles and will be used for the basic data of phylogenetically systematics research. We got some samples of larvae and juveniles from a adult fish which belongs to the sea cage in Geomun-do, Yeosu-si, Jeolla-namdo province, and we have watched them. The average of breeding water temperature was $21.5{\sim}24.5^{\circ}C$ (average $23.0{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$). In yolk-sac larvae just after hatching, ossification was not observed at all, and when the average total length reached 2.66 mm, the premaxillary and maxillary forming the upper jaw, dentary forming the lower jaw, and parasphenoid forming the skull base were ossified. In addition, the preopercle and opercle forming the opercular region began to be ossified. The caudal skeleton supporting the caudal fin is built with the caudal complex consisting of the malleus and incus. Until the average total length reached 2.59 mm, ossification did not occur at all and the urostyle bent at 45-degree angle. As to the ossification of the pterygiophore, when the average total length was 6.12 mm, the first interhemal spine began to be ossified in articulation with two spines of the anal fin, and the synapse also began to be ossified in articulation with two spines of the dorsal fin. When the average total length was 21.9 mm, individuals with completed ossification of the interhemal spines and synaptic clefts began to appear.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.136-143
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• 2013

In this paper, a algorithm to find joints of a small animal like a lizard from the multiple-view silhouette images is presented. The proposed algorithm is able to calculate the 3D coordinates so that the locomotion of the lizard is markerlessly reconstructed. The silhouette images of the lizard was obtained by a adaptive threshold algorithm. The skeleton image of the silhouette image was obtained by Zhang-Suen method. The back-bone line, head and tail point were detected with the A* search algorithm and the elimination of the ortho-diagonal connection algorithm. Shoulder joints and hip joints of a lizard were found by $3{\times}3$ masking of the thicked back-bone line. Foot points were obtained by morphology calculation. Finally elbow and knee joint were calculated by the ortho distance from the lines of foot points and shoulder/hip joint. The performance of the suggested algorithm was evaluated through the experiment of detecting joints of a small lizard.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.421-429
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• 2001

Since Non-Extraction treatment in some orthodontic case shows unstable result and unfavorable profile, extraction is selected as inevitable treatment option for the harmonious profile, facial skeleton, and the stable dentition on both arches. For the achievement of proper goal, premolars, molars, sometimes incisors or canines are selected to be extracted. The first Premolar is usually extracted for relieving the crowded dentition with which the molar relations are class I to gain stable dentition and proper profile, but often results in the depression of profile or the loss of vortical dimension. On the contrary, the extracton of the second molar helps maintaining the fullness of profile and the vertical dimension, prevents additional space closural procedures which often make the procedures complicated, relieves both anterior and posterior crowding, and substitutes the extraction fossae for newly erupting 3rd molars. From the point of recurrence, the second molar extraction procedure, therefore, is more beneficial. This cases showed the good results of second molar extraction procedures in the patients with class I crowding.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.273-284
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• 2018

A detailed understanding of the mechanical behaviors for crushed coal rocks after grouting is a key for construction in the broken zones of mining engineering. In this research, experiments of grouting into the crushed coal rock using independently developed test equipment for solving the problem of sampling of crushed coal rocks have been carried out. The application of uniaxial compression was used to approximately simulate the ground stress in real engineering. In combination with the analysis of crack evolution and failure modes for the grouted specimens, the influences of different crushed degrees of coal rock (CDCR) and solidified grout strength (SGS) on the mechanical behavior of grouted specimens under uniaxial compression were investigated. The research demonstrated that first, the UCS of grouted specimens decreased with the decrease in the CDCR at constant SGS (except for the SGS of 12.3 MPa). However, the UCS of grouted specimens for constant CDCR increased when the SGS increased; optimum solidification strengths for grouts between 19.3 and 23.0 MPa were obtained. The elastic moduli of the grouted specimens with different CDCR generally increased with increasing SGS, and the peak axial strain showed a slightly nonlinear decrease with increasing SGS. The supporting effect of the skeleton structure produced by the solidified grouts was increasingly obvious with increasing CDCR and SGS. The possible evolution of internal cracks for the grouted specimens was classified into three stages: (1) cracks initiating along the interfaces between the coal blocks and solidified grouts; (2) cracks initiating and propagating in coal blocks; and (3) cracks continually propagating successively in the interfaces, the coal blocks, and the solidified grouts near the coal blocks. Finally, after the propagation and coalescence of internal cracks through the entire specimens, there were two main failure modes for the failed grouted specimens. These modes included the inclined shear failure occurring in the more crushed coal rock and the splitting failure occurring in the less crushed coal rock. Both modes were different from the single failure mode along the fissure for the fractured coal rock after grouting solidification. However, compared to the brittle failure of intact coal rock, grouting into the different crushed degree coal rocks resulted in ductile deformation after the peak strength for the grouted specimens was attained.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3357-3362
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• 2013

The human skeleton is the most common organ to be affected by metastatic cancer and bone metastases are a major cause of cancer morbidity. The five most frequent cancers in Malaysia among males includes prostate whereas breast cancer is among those in females, both being associated with skeletal lesions. Bone metastases weaken bone structure, causing a range of symptoms and complications thus developing skeletal-related events (SRE). Patients with SRE may require palliative radiotherapy or surgery to bone for pain, having hypercalcaemia, pathologic fractures, and spinal cord compression. These complications contribute to a decline in patient healthrelated quality of life. The multidimensional assessment of health-related quality of life for those patients is important other than considering a beneficial treatment impact on patient survival, since the side effects of treatment and disease symptoms can significantly impact health-related quality of life. Cancer treatment could contribute to significant financial implications for the healthcare system. Therefore, it is essential to assess the health-related quality of life and treatment cost, among prostate and breast cancer patients in countries like Malaysia to rationalized cost-effective way for budget allocation or utilization of health care resources, hence helping in providing more personalized treatment for cancer patients.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.241-265
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• 1989

The purpose of present study is to describe the taxonomy and early life history of Korean pomfrets, genus Pampus. Egg diameter varied from $0.83\~1.27mm\;and\;1.05\~1.41mm$ in P. argenteus and P. echinogaster respectively. Larvae of P. echinogaster of 16.5 mm in total length has full number of fin rays and enter the juvenile period. The egg is matured at 185.0 mm in total length in P. argenteus and at 95.5 mm in total length in P. echinogaster. P. echinogaster is ossified from jaw bone at $8.5\~10.0mm$ in to1 length and followed by ossification of vertebrae and visceral skeleton. P. argenteus and P. echinogaster are distinguished by the morphology of jaw, fin and isthmus. In P. argenteus, wavy ridges extends over the upper part of pectoral fin and gill membrane is broadly united to isthmus, while in P. echinogaster the ridges are limited to the base of pectoral fin and gill membrane reaching isthmus. These Pampus spp. are easily distinguished based on internal features, such as number of vertebrae, gill raker, pyloric caeca, epipleural bone, esophageal sat and length of intestine.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.157-170
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• 1993

To prove the effct of semi-rigid fixation which utilize wire and rigid fixation which utilizes miniplate toward cranio-facial growth and development of growing children for teenagers, 28 rabbits-6 weeks, about 1.5kg-were experimented. They were classified three groups the semi-rigid group was 12 rabbits which were fixed with 26 gauge stainless steel wire to cross a fronto-nasal suture, the rigid group was the other 12 rabbits which were fixed with miniplate and screw, the control group was 4 rabbits which were get rid of only periosteum. The sample of fronto-nasal of rabbits which were sacrified after 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of the operation were investigated and made a comparative study with the light microscops. 1. At the control group, the central part of bony suture was connected with colagen bundle, the osteoblastic layer was investigated at the bony ending, new bone which covered the inside and outside faces of the bone suture was formed between periosteum. 2. Two weeks later from the experiment, ran slightly irregularly the collagen bundle which connects both bony endings of the rigid group. 3. Four weeks later from the experiment, collagen bundle of bone surface were arranged parally a little and comparing to the semi-rigid group, newly formed woven bone of surface of the adjacent bone was made obviously a little. 4. Eight weeks later from the experiment, collagen bundle which is located between both bony ending become close. Both the semi-rigid group and the rigid group showed significant formation of new bone at the periosteum and the bone surface. 12 weeks later from the experiment, both the semi-rigid group and the rigid group showed the regular running in the collagen bundle and smooth, dense periosteum. Then they assumed a similar aspect of the control group. I think that it does not give the influence to the cranio-facial growth of children or teenager to utilize a rigid fixation for a short period. Because as the time goes on, the surface of the bone suture was recovered and adjacent bone surface of the miniplate fixation showed compensatory growth, although both the semi-rigid group which utilized wire and rigid group which utilized a miniplate brought about the change of the area of the bone suture at the early period.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.4 s.79
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• pp.293-304
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• 1996

A bacterial strain, KSl, possessing strong antifungal activity was isolated from soil samples of ginseng fields and identified as Bacillus subtilis. In greenhouse test, the culture filtrate of B. subtilis KS1 showed strong protective effect against several fungal diseases of agricultural plants such as cucumber gray mold and wheat leaf rust. In addition, the crude butanol fraction of the culture filtrate exhibited antagonistic effect against several fungi including plant or human pathogens, such as Botrytis maydis, Chytridium lagenarium and Candida albicans. The antifungal compound, SW1, produced by B. subtilis KS1 was purified through consecutive chromatographic separations on a pep-RPC column and a ${\mu}$ Bondapak $C_{18}$ reverse phase column. Temperature and pH showed little effect on the stability of the compound in the ranges $-20-121^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.0-10.0, respectively. The composition and structural characteristics of SW1 were analysed by HPLC and by $^1H-,\;^1H-^1H-COSY$, NOESY, COSY-NOESY and HOHAHA NMR spectroscopy, respectively, which revealed that the compound belongs to iturin A, a typical cyclic antifungal compound produced by B. subtilis. In contrast to the previously reported iturin A compounds which have one or no $-CH_3$ side chain in the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain of ${\beta}-amino$ acids, SW1 was shown to have a ${\beta}-amino$ acid containing 12-carbon skeleton with two $-CH_3$ side chains.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2003

The Musculoskeletal Disease has been ignored or turned away due to the difficulty of diagnosis and the vagueness of judgement up to now. Contrary to other diseases, there were many cases where the character of the Musculoskeletal Disease wasn't revealed through the objective inspection. And that's because the Musculoskeletal Disease appears for the most part due to muscular defect so it is impossible to diagnose the muscle by X-ray diagnosing the bone and it is also impossible to diagnose the fine damage of the muscle or tendon even by advanced device like MRI. As the nervous blood vessels or acupunctures pass through or are next to the muscle, the tension of the muscle put pressure on these so can become the direct or indirect causes of various kinds of pains or intern diseases. But in spite of that, for lack of proper equipment diagnosing the state of the muscle(Shortened.. Relaxed... or Hardened...) the muscle has been disregarded or neglected intentionally or unintentionally. While many people think themselves to be a muscular expert, if they don't see the shape of the muscle, that is just like blind treatment. But as now the equipment diagnosing the state of the muscle is developed, it seems that this problem can be settled. It was attempted in this study that the muscle or skeleton of the Musculoskeletal disease patients was diagno the treatment order and method were decided by a questionnaire survey and simple inspection, and the Musculoskeletal correction exercise using the muscle management and sling system made them escape from the Musculoskeletal disease, turning their muscle into more flexible and stronger muscle. As a result notwithstanding the limited treatment period '12 times', the improvement rate was as high as 74%, which showed that the muscle management and Musculoskeletal correction exercise had a great effect on the symptom improvement of the patients. If the treatment times had increased, the improvement rate also would have increased more.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2014

Purpose: Bisphosphonates are widely used for the management steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIO) in children. With the increasing use of bisphosphonates, there have been reports of abnormal radiological findings in the growing skeleton. Therefore, their use in pediatric patients remains controversial. The present study was conducted to evaluate the long-term follow-up radiographic features, particularly metaphyseal sclerotic lines, in children who receive pamidronate therapy for nephropathy. Methods: Twenty-four children with nephropathy treated with oral calcium and pamidronate (mean duration, 9 months; dose, 100 mg daily), were evaluated retrospectively. All patients had SIO secondary to chronic glucocorticoid therapy for treating nephropathy. Long bone radiographic imaging was performed before treatment with pamidronate, and at follow-up, several years later. Physeal growth rates were estimated by measuring the distance that the sclerotic lines moved on the radiographs during the corresponding time intervals. Results: The mean follow-up period was 138 months. Long bone radiographs showed well-defined sclerotic lines at the metaphyseal ends, progressively moving from the physeal plate to the diaphysis, in all patients. The mean rate of movement of the sclerotic line was 6.21 mm per year. In 12 patients, the lines disappeared. The mean rate of growth in height was 7.33 cm per year. Conclusions: Results of long-term follow-up suggest that the metaphyseal sclerotic lines associated with pamidronate treatment tend to disappear without affecting overall skeletal growth. Bisphosphonate treatment for SIO in children with nephropathy seems to be safe, although further studies in larger number of patients are needed.