• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2015

The effects of daily dietary Bacillus subtilis (Bs), and adding L-tryptophan, fructan, or casein to fecal fermentation broths were investigated as means to reduce the production of noxious gas during manure fermentation caused by ammonia, hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), and 3-methylindole (skatole). Eighty swine ($50.0{\pm}0.5kg$) were equally apportioned to an experimental group given Bs in daily feed, or a control group without Bs. After 6 weeks, fresh manure was collected from both groups for fermentation studies using a $3{\times}3$ orthogonal array, in which tryptophan, casein, and fructan were added at various concentrations. After fermentation, the ammonia, $H_2S$, L-tryptophan, skatole, and microflora were measured. In both groups, L-tryptophan was the principle additive increasing skatole production, with significant correlation (r = 0.9992). L-tryptophan had no effect on the production of ammonia, $H_2S$, or skatole in animals fed Bs. In both groups, fructan was the principle additive that reduced $H_2S$ production (r = 0.9981). Fructan and Bs significantly interacted in $H_2S$ production (p = 0.014). Casein was the principle additive affecting the concentration of ammonia, only in the control group. Casein and Bs significantly interacted in ammonia production (p = 0.039). The predominant bacteria were Bacillus spp. CWBI B1434 (26%) in the control group, and Streptococcus alactolyticus AF201899 (36%) in the experimental group. In summary, daily dietary Bs reduced ammonia production during fecal fermentation. Lessening L-tryptophan and increasing fructan in the fermentation broth reduced skatole and $H_2S$.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.471-483
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary digestible tryptophan (dTry) and soy oligosaccharides (SO) on growth performance, caecal skatole level, and microflora of broiler chickens aged from 14 to 42 days. Methods: Three hundred and sixty broiler chicks were allocated equally to 36 cages at 14-day-of-age according to body weight and gender. Using a 3×2 factorial arrangement, 3 dietary dTry levels (0.18%, 0.23%, and 0.28%) supplemented with 0 or 3.5 g/kg of SO were used to create 6 diets (treatments). Each diet was fed to six replicates of 10 birds (60 birds/treatment), growth performance was measured. Caecal content samples were collected at 42 days of age. Results: Results showed that significantly different dTry level×SO interactions were found for average daily gain (ADG), caecal levels of indole, propionic acid, and butyric acid, and microbial Shannon index (p<0.05). Birds fed diet containing 0.23% dTry level with SO supplementation had higher ADG and lower feed/gain ratio than those fed the other diets (p<0.05). Broilers fed diets containing 0.28% dTry increased their caecal levels of indole and skatole compared with those containing 0.18% or 0.23% dTry (p<0.01), regardless of SO addition. SO supplementation to diets decreased the caecal skatole level by 16.17% (p<0.05), and increased the relative frequency of Clostridium IV (p<0.05), regardless of dietary dTry level. Conclusion: These results indicated that diets containing 0.23% dTry with SO supplementation positively promoted ADG, and decreased caecal skatole levels of broiler chickens. The dietary dTry level, SO affected the caecal skatole level, however, there was no interaction between them.

• 감성과학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.17-20
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• 2003

판매직에 종사하는 여성을 대상으로 100%의 Basil oil, Lavender oil, Lemon oil, Jasmin oil, Ylang-ylang oil (KIMEX co. Ltd), Skatole의 총 6가지 종류의 천연향을 사용하여 자극하였을 때의 상호 정보량을 분석, 비교하였다. 그 결과, 선호도가 낮은 Basil과 Skatole을 자극할 때 무향에 비해 상호 정보량이 많고, 향간의 비교에서도 선호도가 낮은 향에 대한 상호 정보량이 선호도가 높은 향에 비해 더 많음을 보여주었다. 이는 뇌에서 상호 정보량이 향에 대한 선호도와 관련이 있고, 특히 선호도가 낮은 향의 경우, 정보량의 증가 경향이 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1618-1623
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dehairing methods and sex on various traits of pork quality, as well as on tissue levels of the boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole. At the early postmortem period, dehided pigs showed higher muscle pH levels (p<0.05), lower temperatures (p<0.05) and lower drip loss (p<0.001) than scalded pigs. Thus, the dehairing method can affect the early postmortem glycolytic rate and water-holding capacity. Moreover, the differences in meat quality traits between the genders were small, and not considered to have practical importance. The scalding method had only a limited effect on the androstenone content. On the other hand, the scalded entire males exhibited a lower content of skatole than the dehided entire males (p<0.01). These results appear to indicate that the heating treatment from the scalding process influenced the reduction of skatole content for the scalded entire males.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1195-1204
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro fermentation profiles of different soybean oligosaccharides (SBOs) and their effects on skatole production and cecal microbiota of broilers. Methods: Five SBOs with varying main component contents were fermented using an in vitro batch incubation inoculated with broiler cecal microbiota. Gas production was recorded automatically, skatole, indole and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, and microbial changes were analyzed using 16S DNA gene sequencing. Results: The addition of SBOs increased (p<0.05) gas production, suggesting bacterial growth-stimulating activities. In addition, the concentrations of indole were significantly (p<0.05) decreased after SBO supplementation, and SBO III, with higher sucrose and stachyose contents, decreased (p<0.05) the skatole level. Our results also revealed that the fermentation of SBOs by cecal microbiota produced (p<0.05) SCFAs, which were dominated by propionic acid, butyrate acid and lactic acid compared to the control. In addition, SBO III increased (p<0.05) the abundance of Firmicutes and Subdoligranulum and decreased that of Bacteroides. Conclusion: These results suggest that SBOs with higher sucrose and stachyose contents are promising prebiotics in modulating gut microbiota and reducing odor emission in broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.716-721
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• 2016

This study investigated the effect of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) natto on meat quality and skatole in TOPIGS pigs. Sixty TOPIGS pigs were randomly assigned to 3 groups (including 5 pens per group, with 4 pigs in each pen) and fed with basic diet (control group), basic diet plus 0.1% B. subtilis natto (B group), and basic diet plus 0.1% B. subtilis natto plus 0.1% B. coagulans (BB group), respectively. All pigs were sacrificed at 100 kg. Growth performance, meat quality, serum parameters and oxidation status in the three groups were assessed and compared. Most parameters regarding growth performance and meat quality were not significantly different among the three groups. However, compared with the control group, meat $pH_{24}$, fat and feces skatole and the content of Escherichia coli (E. Coli), Clostridium, $NH_3$-N were significantly reduced in the B and BB groups, while serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, the levels of liver P450, CYP2A6, and CYP2E1, total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase and Lactobacilli in feces were significantly increased in the B and BB groups. Further, the combined supplementation of B. subtilis natto and B. coagulans showed more significant effects on the parameters above compared with B. subtilis, and Clostridium, and $NH_3$-N. Our results indicate that the supplementation of pig feed with B. subtilis natto significantly improves meat quality and flavor, while its combination with B. coagulans enhanced these effects.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.74-77
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• 2003

대표적인 부패산물들로 잘 알려진 indole, skatole, 그리고 $\rho$-cresol 등을 측정하기 위한 방법으로 HPLC, spectrophotometric 법, 그리고 GC 및 GC/MSD 방법 등이 있으며, 수십년 간에 걸쳐 이러한 물질들의 분석이 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 많은 전처리 과정을 생략하여 분석물의 손실을 최소화하면서 GC 및 GC/MSD를 이용하여 쉽고 빠르게 측정할 수 있는 조건과 방법을 확립하였다. 측정사료는 건강한 성인 남녀의 분변이었으며, 내부 표준물질로 4-isopropylphenol을 사용하였으며, 분변 중 indole의 함량은 10~90 ppm 수준이었으며, skatole의 경우에는 약 40 ppm 정도로 검출되었다. 또한, $\rho$-cresol은 30~300 ppm 수준으로 그 분포 범위가 아주 넓게 나타났었다. GC/MSD를 이용하여 시료 중상기 물질들을 정성적으로 정확히 확인할 수 있었다. DB-17 capillary 컬럼을 이용하여 시료의 전처리 과정을 생략하여도 분석하려던 부패산물의 정성 및 정량에 방해되는 불순 peak는 없었고, 분리능도 매우 우수하였으므로 보다 빠르고 신속하게 상기 물질들을 확인할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구를 통해 개발된 신속분석법이 분변에 존재하는 주요 부패산물들의 정량에 유용하게 사용되리라 판단된다.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.135-138
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• 2002

판매직에 종사하는 여성을 대상으로 100%의 Basil oil, Lavender oil, Lemon oil, Jasmin oil, Ylangylang oil (KIMEX co. Ltd), Skatole의 총 6가지 종류의 천연향을 사용하여 자극하였을 때의 상호 정보량을 분석, 비교하였다. 그 결과, 선호도가 낮은 Basil과 Skatole을 자극할 때 무향에 비해 상호 정보량이 많고, 향 간의 비교에서도 선호도가 낮은 향에 대한 상호 정보량이 선호도가 높은 향에 비해 더 많음을 보여주었다. 이는 뇌에서 상호 정보량이 향에 대한 선호도와 관련이 있고, 특히 선호도가 낮은 향의 경우, 정보량의 증가 경향이 확인되었다.

• 감성과학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 1998

A new device introducing brief pulses of odorozed air synchronized with subject's respiration to human subjects creating a positive response was developed. By the using superimposition technique of an evoked potential the positive responses to skatole in normal subject's were distinguishable. The odorant pulse trigger was the subject's respiration. Responses to aerosolized skatole consisted mainly of a positive wave with a peak latency of approximately 150 ms. In our cases, saturation of responses was found after 4-5 averagings with the responses becoming most clear after 7-8 averagings. And in cases of Alzheimer disease very quick adaptation was recognized.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2009

Objective: This study assessed five respective herbs in Cheonggugamrosu (CGGRS) for ability to inhibit malodor in vitro. Methods: We used malodor modeling of the salivary sediment system. Incubation mixtures were prepared with sediment at 16.7% (v/v), amino acids (cysteine and tryptophan) at 6mM and either herb extract at 1% (w/v) or water as control. Mixtures were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ and odor was monitored organoleptically and for volatile sulfur compounds with the Halimeter. Indole/skatole was determined by Kovac's colorimetric method. Results: Two of the herbs, Caryophilli Flos and Glycyrrhizae Radix, had inhibitory effect on malodor generation. Both of them significantly reduced VSC, organoleptic odor and indole/skatole formation (p<0.05). Conclusions: We found Caryophilli Flos and Glycyrrhizae Radix played a main role in CGGRS. Both herbs have potential as effective anti-malodor agents and this suggests they are worthy of further exploration.