• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.398-412
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify a relationship between housework hours and fatigue level in middle-aged women. The subjects were 204 women living in Seoul and near the city, ranging in ages of 30-59(mean = 41.6 year) and were interviewed during the month of Oct. to Dec. 1999. The following questionnaires were utilized in this study: a self reporting housework time measurement table and a fatigue symptom scale originated from Yoshitake (1978). The analysis of the data was done by SAS program, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Total mean hours of housework of the subjects were shown 9.2 hours on weekdays and 8.9 hours on weekend. Mean hours according to the area of houseworks on weekdays and on weekend were preparing and providing meal 3.9 and 4.2, doing laundry and maintaining clothes 3.1 and 1.6, keeping and maintaining house 1.6 and 1.4, caring family 1.3 and 1.2, and keeping household records 0.5 both. 2. With respect to the general characteristics of the subjects, there were significantly difference in age, job, religion, type of family, number of children, experience of present and previous illness, and perceived body size. 3. Average fatigue scores of the subjects were 16.6 of total score 60. Fatigue scores by the area were neuroperceptive fatigue 6.5, mental fatigue 5.2, and physical fatigue 4.9 in order. There were significantly differences in the score of fatigue by religion, number of family, present illness, and perception of body size. 4. There were significantly positive relationships in the scores of fatigue with the total hours of housework, preparing and providing meal, doing laundry and maintaining clothes, keeping and maintaining house, and caring family. 5. The physical fatigue scores were positively related with the areas of preparing and providing meal, doing laundry and maintaining clothes. While the mental fatigue scores were positively related the areas of preparing and providing meal, caring family, and keeping and maintaining house, and neuroperceptive fatigue scores were positively related with the areas of keeping and maintaining house and caring family. The recommendations from this study were further studies to investigate how middle-aged women manage their fatigue level, increase public awareness of middle aged women's fatigue level, and develop programs for middle-aged women to help with high fatigue.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.810-815
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• 2008

Improving quality is a very important component of maintaining competitiveness of agricultural products. However, evaluation of 'high quality' indicates it is a very abstract concept and independent of some quality attributes, leading to differences in the perception of quality. Thus, there is a pressing need to objectively define 'high quality' and to develop basic technologies for its measurement, for application in the production, storage and distribution of competitive agricultural products. To objectively quantify apple quality, a survey was conducted on consumer preferences and awareness of quality attributes including color, taste, flavor and shape. The survey questionnaire targeted male and female adults (463 persons) ranging in age from 20 to 59 years. The questionnaire was based on purchases made at a wholesale market (50.1%) or a traditional market (18.8%). The majority of purchases were as small packets (62.0%) or as individual pieces (20.5%). Apples of moderate size (fist size, 60.5%) were preferred over small (4.3%) or large (32.6%) apples. The questionnaire provided consumer data on external quality attributes including color, shape and variety. Taste attributes were evaluated in relation to the balance between sour and sweet taste, and flavors peculiar to apples.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.747-761
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• 2008

In order to experiment the acoustic remote classification of seabed sediment, we achieved ground-truth data(i.e. video and grab samples, etc.) and developed post-processing for automatic classification procedure on the basis of 300 kHz MultiBeam Echo Sounder(MBES) backscattering data, which was acquired using KONGBERG Simrad EM3000 at Sock-Cho Port, East Sea of South Korea. Sonar signal and its classification performance were identified with geo-referenced video imagery with the aid of GIS (Geographic Information System). The depth range of research site was from 5 m to 22.7 m, and the backscattering amplitude showed from -36dB to -15dB. The mean grain sizes of sediment from equi-distanced sampling site(50 m interval) varied from 2.86$(\phi)$ to 0.88(\phi). To acquire the main feature for the seabed classification from backscattering amplitude of MBES, we evaluated the correlation factors between the backscattering amplitude and properties of sediment samples. The performance of seabed remote classification proposed was evaluated with comparing the correlation of human expert segmentation to automatic algorithm results. The cross-model perception error ratio on automatic classification algorithm shows 8.95% at rocky bottoms, and 2.06% at the area representing low mean grain size.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.237-259
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• 2004

The public assistance scheme plays more important role in income maintenance for poor elders than the public pension does due to insufficient coverage of the public pension resulted from late introduction of it in Korea. However, only limited numbers of poor elders are financially protected by the public assistance contrary to the general perception that the elderly population most benefits from public aids. Based on data set of 2000 from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study, this study analysed the size, composition and characteristics of poor elders excluded from the public assistance, and determinants of the elderly's participation in it. Findings of the study can be summarized as follows: (1) More than half of poor elders are excluded from the public assistance although their economic status is similar with that of recipients, which may cause income reversal between recipients and non-recipients. (2) It was identified that non-recipient poor elders especially those with same income level of recipients of the National Livelihood Guarantees(NLG) are actually in desperate need of public aids considering their serious financial conditions. (3) Participation in public assistance among the elderly is more affected by socio-demographic factors that reflect family conditions than by economic factors, which is mostly caused by the strict eligibility criteria of the public assistance that reinforces family duty of financial support for elderly relatives in Korea. Policy implications for more effective income security for poor elders include revising inappropriate eligibility criteria of the NLG concerning family obligations, expanding the coverage of the old age allowance for poor elders to near-poor elders, and providing work opportunities to non-recipient poor elders to supplement their income deficit.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.193-209
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the service area of emergency medical centers using GIS-based spatial analysis methods in Seoul, focusing on the behaviour of patients on the choosing of emergency centers. For this analysis, six emergency centers were selected to collect data for the information on the addresses of patients from September to November hi 2003. Analysis on the service area, which was carried out by measuring the distribution of patients in terms of distance from emergency medical centers, clearly reveals that the majority of patients was located within or adjacent districts at the emergency medical center. However, the size of the primary service area f3r six emergency medical centers was much different, implying that the decision to visit specific emergency medical center by patients was closely related to the size, perception, and preference of the emergency medical center. Based on the results of the spatial characteristics of emergency medical service area, this research tries to construct the surface map of the emergency medical service level supplied by 32 regional emergency medical centers located in Seoul. Considering the levels of infrastructure for emergency medical centers, the coverage for the degree of supply of emergency medical service by each emergency medical center was constructed in terms of a distance decaying in the distribution of patients from emergency medical center imposing different weights on distance bands. Spatial overlay utilizing map algebra function was performed in order to calculate total supply level of emergency service. The results clearly show that spatial inequality exists in the supply levels of the emergency medical service among local areas of Seoul.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.91-98
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• 2010

Large corpus-based concatenating Text-to-Speech (TTS) systems can generate natural synthetic speech without additional signal processing. Because the improvements in the natualness, personality, speaking style, emotions of synthetic speech need the increase of the size of speech DB, it is necessary to prune the redundant speech segments in a large speech segment DB. In this paper, we propose a new method to construct a segmental speech DB for the Korean TTS system based on a clustering algorithm to downsize the segmental speech DB. For the performance test, the synthetic speech was generated using the Korean TTS system which consists of the language processing module, prosody processing module, segment selection module, speech concatenation module, and segmental speech DB. And MOS test was executed with the a set of synthetic speech generated with 4 different segmental speech DBs. We constructed 4 different segmental speech DB by combining CM1(or CM2) tree clustering method and full DB (or reduced DB). Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the size of speech DB by 23% and get high MOS in the perception test. Therefore the proposed method can be applied to make a small sized TTS.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.3-42
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• 2018

This paper aims to explore ways to develop the arbitration industry in Korea. The prospects for the promotion of the arbitration industry in Korea are never dim. International arbitration competitiveness is somewhat lower than its competitors at present, but the international economic base to support it is solid, and the domestic arbitration environment seems to be sufficient to support the development possibility of arbitration. Since geographical and economic factors have already been defined, Korea must at least improve the arbitration act with passion and vision for the best one. The arbitration act that is the most accessible to arbitration consumers is the best arbitration act. The important thing is to have an arbitration act that makes people want to use more than litigation or other dispute resolution procedures. There is no hope of remaining as a "second mover" in the field of arbitration law. One should have a will and ambition to become a "first mover" even if it is risky. Considering the situation of the current arbitration law, it is necessary to start an arbitration appeal system in order to become a consumer-friendly arbitration law, and it is necessary to examine ways of integrating the grant of execution clause and enforcement application procedures. The abolition of the condition of Article 35 of the Arbitration Act, which rules the validity of the arbitration award, will help promote international arbitration. Exclusion agreements of setting aside against arbitration awards must also be fully recognized. It is also important to publish a widely cited international arbitration journal. In order to respond to the fourth industrial revolution era, it is necessary to support the establishment of a dispute resolution system that utilizes IT technology. In order to actively engage the arbitrators in the market, it is necessary to abolish the regulations that exist in the Attorneys-at-Law Act. There is also a need to allocate more budget to educate arbitration consumers and to establish arbitration training centers to strengthen domestic arbitration education. It is also necessary to evaluate and verify the Arbitration Promotion Act so that it can achieve results. In the international arbitration market, competition is fierce and competitors are already taking the initiative, so in order not to miss the timing, Korea needs to activate international arbitration first. In order to activate international arbitration, the arbitration body needs to be managed with the same mobility and strategy as the agency in the marketplace. In Korea, unlike in Singapore and Hong Kong, it is necessary to recognize that the size of the domestic arbitration market is very likely to increase sharply due to the economic size of the country and the large market potential it can bring from litigation. In order to promote the arbitration industry, what is most important is to make arbitration activities in accordance with the principles of the market and to establish an institutional basis to enable competition. It is urgently required to change the perception of the relevant government departments and arbitration officials.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.603-614
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• 2020

Background and objective: This study was conducted to understand urban residents' perception of indoor plants in order to assist in the preparation of guidelines for growing plants indoors. Methods: Questionnaires were distributed to urban residents currently growing plants or with experience of growing plants. The data of 247 respondents were subjected to analysis to assess their level of interest and ability with regard to growing plants, and their recognition of the selection and function of plants. Results: Respondents showed high interest in growing plants at a level of 6.77, but their ability was moderate. This suggests that information regarding plant maintenance should be provided to urban residents. They recognized the function of plants for improving the environment as important, and expected that indoor plants would improve their mood and visual experience. Satisfaction with growing plants was high from an emotional perspective. They recognized that the function of air purification function was important even if the actual performance or effect was not great. This indicates that the function of air purification should be emphasized more. As the result of the IPA, plants should be selected in consideration of morphological characteristics such as leaf, flower and fruit, and continuously managed to maintain their characteristics. Since the performance of pots was less satisfactory compared to their importance, they should be selected so that they harmonize better with plants and are of the appropriate size to fit the space. The type of plants is an important factor in plant selection in order to perform an environmental function, and the flower color and pot size are important in terms of aesthetics and healing. Conclusion: When horticulture information on indoor plants is provided to urban residents, first, it should be provided to satisfy the functions of the plants required by urban residents and in order to promote and maintain the proper growth of plants. Second, various contents that utilize components should be developed to achieve plant function so that resident can determine the function of plants and select the type, quantity, and shape of plants to achieve the desired function.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2000

In existing models in optimization, the crisp data improve has been used in the objective or constraints to derive the optimal solution, Besides, the subjective environments are eliminated because the complex and uncertain circumstances were regarded as Probable ambiguity, In other words those optimal solutions in the existing models could be the complete satisfactory solutions to the objective functions in the Process of application for industrial engineering methods to minimize risks of decision-making. As a result of those, decision-makers in location Problems couldn't face appropriately with the variation of demand as well as other variables and couldn't Provide the chance of wide selection because of the insufficient information. So under the circumstance. it has been to develop the model for the location and size decision problems of logistics facility in the use of the fuzzy theory in the intention of making the most reasonable decision in the Point of subjective view under ambiguous circumstances, in the foundation of the existing decision-making problems which must satisfy the constraints to optimize the objective function in strictly given conditions in this study. Introducing the Process used in this study after the establishment of a general mixed integer Programming(MIP) model based upon the result of existing studies to decide the location and size simultaneously, a fuzzy mixed integer Programming(FMIP) model has been developed in the use of fuzzy theory. And the general linear Programming software, LINDO 6.01 has been used to simulate, to evaluate the developed model with the examples and to judge of the appropriateness and adaptability of the model(FMIP) in the real world.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

A few studies have shown that the function of fusiform face area is selectively involved in the perception of faces including a race difference. We investigated the neural substrates of the face-selective region called fusiform face area in the ventral occipital-temporal cortex and same-race memory superiority in the fusiform face area by the event-related fMRI. In our fMRI study, subjects (Oriental-Korean) performed the implicit distinction of the race while they consciously made familiar-judgments, regardless of whether they considered a face as Oriental-Korean or European-American. For race distinction as an implicit task, the fusiform face areas (FFA) and the right parahippocampal gyrus had a greater response to the presentation of Oriental-Korean faces than for the European-American faces, but in the conscious race distinction between Oriental-Korean and European-American faces, there was no significant difference observed in the FFA. These results suggest that different activation in the fusiform regions and right parahippocampal gyrus resulting from superiority of same-race memory could have implicitly taken place by the physiological processes of face recognition.