• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.539-547
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• 2021

Indonesia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world. The province of West Sulawesi is the second-largest palm oil producer in Indonesia. This study examines the contributions of oil palm farming to total household income and the factors affecting the household expenditure of oil palm smallholders in West Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study also identifies the problems related to oil palm production in the province. Primary data were collected from 174 oil palm smallholders using a standardized questionnaire in the Lariang sub-district, Pasangkayu, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Several statistical tools were employed to analyze the data. The study estimated the average household income of the smallholders at IDR 30,417,441 per year, out of which 85,8% comes from oil palm farming, followed by non-oil palm farming (8%) and off farming (6.2%). On the other hand, the average household expenditure was found to be IDR 23,476,069 per year which 66% goes for food consumption and 34% for non-food consumption. The findings revealed that household expenditure of the oil palm smallholders is strongly and positively affected by a number of factors such as household income, education level, family size, earning members in the family, number of children attending school, and amount of credit taken by the household.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2004

This research developed satellite account for household production to measure the whole size of production in Korea. The standardized satellite account was designed on the basis of Ironmonger's IO table. Results of this research were summarized as follows. First, the economic values of male and female labor invested for household production was 1,560,000 and 5,380,000 Won, respectively. Female input was greater than male by 3.5 times. Second, the expenditure for durable goods for household production was on average 470,000 Won per year. Among the total expenditure, 36% was spent for household management activities, 25% for food preparation and 25% for cleaning and laundry. Results of examining the expenditure for durable goods in total production activities showed that more than half was spent for household production; 54% for household production, 39% for leisure, 4% for sleeping, and 3% for individual use. Third, among expenditure of consumption for intermediate foods for household production, expenditure for food was the greatest to be followed by expenditures for child care, other houseworks, and cleaning and laundry. Finally, the total value of household production in Korea turned out to reach 171 trillion won which was value of 36% of GDP(482 trillion Won) in 1999.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.59-73
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• 1996

The purposes of this study are to investigate the determinants of household demand for credit and to test the effects of credit outstandings and credit repayments on consumption expenditures. To investigate the relationship between credit use and consumption expenditures, a theoretical consumption expenditure model including credit outstandings and credit repayments is developed. With 1991 Report of National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, two empirical models are tested using OLS. The results show that household demand for credit is determined by household income, debt burden, household size, age and squared age of household head and ratio of home ownership. It is also found that credit outstandings affect consumption expenditures positively while credit repayments affect consumption expenditures negatively.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.235-245
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• 1999

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of household characteristics on housing expenditure. The data from the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure 1996 were used for the analysis of this study, and the final sample included 12,323 households. It was found that total housing expenditure was significantly different according to the tenure type, household income, household size, age, occupation and education of the head, or location of housing. The significantly explanatory variables in the model of total housing expenditure were owner and yearly-renter dummy, household income and the household income squared, mortgage-off dummy, Seoul and metropolitan city dummy, and employed-wife dummy.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.23-44
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• 2016

Household debt in Korea raises concerns about the resilience of the economy due to its size and quality. Against this backdrop, we investigate if household leverage matters for private consumption in adverse economic environments even without severe financial disruptions. We find that the balance sheet positions in terms of the leverage ratio may weaken consumption growth. We also find that the depressive effect of debt on consumption may differ across types of consumer spending and household characteristics. In particular, the effects of indebtedness have been much stronger in relation to durable goods expenditures than in other areas. In addition, debtors in high-income (wealth) groups have also shown downward adjustments in consumption even more so than low-income (wealth) groups. These findings imply that debtors' precautionary behavior may serve as an important channel from leverage to consumer spending.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.19-28
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• 2011

This study examines the current status on the supply of community facilities based on the supply criteria of present welfare facilities. Analyzing satisfaction of residents about community facilities based on physical supply criteria. The study sets up the concept and proposed trend of the related studies and distinction through the examination of previous researches. Next, the present systematical supply criteria, was used to make indication in order to propose the promotion of improvement on supply criteria for community facilities. Multi dimensional analyzing system and the satisfaction level of the community facility was used to analyze the relationship between the two. The direction of policy improvement according to the analysis is as per the following. First, it is necessary to improve supply criteria of household to guarantee the minimal amount of space. Second, specification of the minimum distance of community facility to residential area in the complex is needed. Also, the presentation of bottom boundary line of the formation area size to expand the size up to minimal level of size is needed. Third, resident exercise facility supply criteria among the community facility supply criteria need to be improved from the number of household base to the size for each household base. Forth, resident resting facility criteria among the community facility supply criteria should be changed from the present criteria of one facility per five hundred households.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.289-294
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• 2003

Purpose of this study is to supply data that need in qualitative improvement and plan for middle class through a post occupancy evaluation by the tenants in the rental apartment of national housing size. The results of this study are as follows; 1) Characteristic of household differ as the size tenants live in at present. But, usually characteristic of household was family life cycle was from child-rearing time to secondary education time, a family's number was 3${\sim}$4 person, and income per month was 1${\sim}$3 million won. 2) The satisfaction of whole and physical environment were satisfied more than average 3 points. However, the satisfaction of economic performance and administration environment were dissatisfied by average 3 points low. 3) Factors that affect in housing satisfaction were administration environment, the housing size, a family's number.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.182-192
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• 1996

In this study, the relationship between wax matrix in lipstick and sweating was investigated by observing the change of size and shape of wax matrix with sweating by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). For observation by SEM, a lipstick sample was frozen in liquid nitrogen, then the oil in the lipstick was extracted out in cold isopropanol($-70^{\circ}C$) for 1-3days. After isopropanol was evaporated, the sample was sputtered with gold, and examined by SEM. When examined the sweated sample by SEM, the change of wax matrix underneath the surface from fine, uniform structure to coarse, nonuniform structure was observed, which was resulted from the caking of surrounding wax matrix. That is, the oil underneath the surface was migrated to the surface of lipstick with sweating, consequently the wax matrix at that region was rearranged into the coarse matrix. In case of flamed lipstick, sweating was delayed and the wax matrix was much coarser than that of unflamed one. Its larger wax matrix at surface region was good for including oil. The effect of molding temperature on sweating was also studied. As the molding temperature was increased, sweating was greatly reduced and the size of wax matrix was increased. It was also found that sweating was influenced with the compatinility of wax and oil. A formula consisting of wax and oil which have good compatibility has a tendency of reduced sweating and increased size of wax matrix. When pigment was added to wax and oil. It was also found that sweating was influenced with the passage of time by observing a thick membrane of wax on surface of lipstick after a month from molding. In case of some lipsticks, the size of wax matrix was altered to bigger or smaller. In conclusion, the structure of wax matrix at the surface region of lipstick was changed with the process of foaming, molding temperature, compatibility of wax and oil, addition of pigment, and the passage of time. In most cases, as the size of wax matrix was increased, sweating was reduced and delayed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.21-39
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• 1989

This paper is to determine the clothing and footwear of urban household consumption expenditures and an analysis of historical data from relevant literature. Particularly, time-series and cross sectional analysis techniques are adopted in analysing the patterns of clothing and footwear consumption expenditures of urban households. Finally, this paper estimates consumption expenditures in the future by comparing these revealed data with the Korea and Japan. Annual Report on the family Income and Expenditure Survey and M.R.A. in S.P.S.S. were used. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The proportion of the clothing and footwear expenditure has decreased with the increase of income in urban household during 1976-1987. 2.1) Household consumption function by Income group, the Lower group is higher than the other group. 2) Household consumption function by Occupation of household head. Income elasticity estimation in administrative managerial workers is higher than the other group. 3) Household consumption function by Family size. Income elasticity estimation in 6 Persons is higher than the other group. But 4 Persons is higher in 1986. 4) Household consumption function by Age of household head. Income elasticity estimation in 50 Years and over is higher than the other group. 3. Comparison of characteristics of clothing and footwear consumption expenditures in Korea and Japan were M.R.A. Generally, the priority correlation order for Korea is Outwear, Sweaters and Shirt, Other clothing. For Japan, the order is Sweaters and Shirts, Underwear, Services.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5D
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• pp.657-662
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• 2011

The relationship between household attributes and trip generation can only be found in Seoul Metropolitan Household Travel Survey, which has been implemented every 5 years. However, various household attributes' impact on trip generation has not been analyzed closely. This paper compared and analyzed those impact. The results could be useful when trip generation models are studied in the future. They are as follows. The household size should be an important classification criteria when household trip generation is estimated. The traditional assumption that the relationship between household auto ownership and trip generation is positive and linear correlation should be reconsidered. Weekday travel data only did not showed that housing type has an influence on trip generation. Household income is unrelated with trip generation among single-person household, while multi-person household is related strongly. However, when trips are classified by purpose, impact of household income on trip generation are varied by trip purpose. Especially, the increase in single-person household can not be overlooked when trip generation is forecasted.