• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2007

Objectives : Clinical character of chronic tension-type headache is bilateral, moderate intensity, persistent and chronic, repeating disease and CTTH is a common prevalent disease, but pathophysiology and likely mechanism remain unclear. It impedes subjective quality of life. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of sa-am acupuncture method for chronic tension-type headache. Methods : In this randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled study, we compared active acupuncture with sham acupuncture for the treatment of chronic tension-type headache. Volunteers who satisfied the requirements were enrolled in study. Evaluation of chronic tension-type headache was measured by VAS and Headache Disability Inventory(HDI), Six point Linkert Scale before and after treatments. Results : 26 subjects finished study. There were not difference between two groups on age, sex, weight, height, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, Byeonjeung, sunrise of treatment. In change of VAS, there were not difference between two groups on before treatment. Before treatment per visit, VAS of 6th and 7th visit were significantly decreased in active acupuncture(each p=0.039, p=0.008) and were not decreased in sham acupuncture. In change of VAS on a withdrawing needling after treatment, VAS of 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th visit were significantly decreased in active acupuncture (each p=0.001, 0.038, 0.035, 0.008) and VAS of 2nd, 4th and 5th, 6th visit were significantly decreased in sham acupuncture(each p=0.033, 0.032, 0.035, 0.031). In change of VAS on 2hrs after treatment, VAS of 4th and 5th, 6th visit were significantly decreased in active acupuncture(each p=0.014, 0.023, 0.027) and 5th visit were significantly decreased in sham acupuncture(each p=0.004, 0.009). In change of VAS on 4hrs after treatment, VAS of 4th and 5th, 6th visit were significantly decreased in active acupuncture(each p=0.018, 0.011, 0.015) and 5th, 6th visit were significantly decreased in sham acupuncture(each p=0.020, 0.015). In change of VAS on the next day after treatment, VAS of 3th and 4th and 5th, 6th visit were significantly decreased in active acupuncture(each p=0.032, 0.011, 0.005, 0.012) and 4th, 5th visit were significantly decreased in sham acupuncture(each p=0.001, 0.012). In change of VAS according to a current time(before treatment, after a withdrawing needling, 2hrs, 4hrs, the next day), total score of VAS was decreased more active acupuncture group than sham acupuncture group, but there were no statistical significance compared with sham acupuncture group. In change of HDI score, after treatment was decreased than before treatment in two group, but there were no statistical significance compared with two group. In change of Six point Linkert scale score, after treatment was decreased than before treatment in two group on 6th, 7th visit(active acupuncture 6th 7th each p=0.002, 0.003, sham acupuncture 6th 7th each 0.003, 0.009), but there were no statistical significance compared with tow group. Conclusion : Sa-am acupuncture treatment is effective to improve the symptoms and quality of life in patients with chronic tension-type headache.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2017

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological distress and pain in cancer patients. Methods : 249 patients with cancer who visited National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital between April 2013 and March 2014 were evaluated with National Cancer Center Psychological Symptom Inventory(NCC-PSI) which consisted of Modified Distress Thermometer(MDT) and Modified Impact Thermometer(MIT). Each scale was divided into 3 subscales targeting separate symptoms: insomnia, anxiety, and depression. Psychological distress was defined as positive for those who scored above the cutoff values in at least one of all six subscales. The Numeric Rating Scale for Pain(NRS-Pain) was used to assess the subjective severity of pain. Logistic regression was performed to investigate the association between psychological distress and pain. Results : Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that pain, gender, compliance, and two subscale scores of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS) were significantly associated with psychological distress. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pain and HADS anxiety subscale score maintained a statistically significant association with psychological distress adjusted for variables including age, gender, years of education, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, cancer stage, Charlson Comorbidity Index, compliance, and HADS depression subscale score. One point increase in pain was 1.31 times more likely to cause psychological distress. In secondary analysis, pain was significantly associated with all subscales of NCC-PSI, except MIT-anxiety subscale. Conclusions : This study suggests that NCC-PSI, a screening tool for psychological distress, reflects pain. We recommend that physicians who treat cancer patients consider the examination of psychological distress which provides comprehensive evaluation of various factors regarding quality of life.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.159-172
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate visual evaluation according to various methods of motif presentation and the value contrast between the motif and background. The instruments developed for this purpose were two sets of stimuli and a response scale. the first set consisted of pattern stimuli. they were eight photographs of floral patterns constructed by using six different motif presentation methods and two different value contrasts. The second set had eight clothing stimuli, photographs of clothings with the above floral patterns. The 7-point sementic differential scale of 19 bipolar adjectives was used as the response scale. The data was analyzed by factor analysis, ANOVA and T-test. The major findings from this study were as follows; 1. Four factors emerged to account for the dimensional structure of the floral pattern image. These factors were attractiveness, tenderness, attention, and maturity. among them attractiveness and tenderness were the major dimensions 2. The patterns and the clothings had no significant difference from each other in terms of attractiveness and tenderness, but in terms of maturity and attention. The pattern presented a cute and sober image, but the clothing presented mature and gorgeous image. 3. methods of motif presentation had significant effects on all the factors. The pattern by shading method gave the most attractive and soft image, the one by line the most soberest, the one by area the most gorgeous, the one by collage the most unattractive, hardest, and cutest, and the one by mosaics the maturest. 4. The value contrast between the motif and background had no significant effects on attractiveness and maturity, but on tenderness and attention. The patterns with a high valued background presented a soft image, but the one with a low valued background a hard image. The patterns with a low valued area presented gorgeous image.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.572-579
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• 2017

Increased impervious surface caused by rapid urbanization serves to produce the discharge of non-point source pollutants such as total suspended solid (TSS). There exist various methods of removing TSS, including a filtration process using granular media (a well-known method to be practically used after the consideration of removal efficiency, clogging, and backwashing efficiency). To determine the TSS removal capability of the filter, we initially performed lab-scale experiments which assessed flow rates, influent concentrations, permeability co-efficients, the particular shapes of suspended solids and potential clogging, and also evaluated TSS removal efficiency when applied to filtration facility in a pilot-scale. In low filtration flux condition, the removal efficiency of suspended solids was more than 95 %, while decreased to 83% in high filtration flux. Regarding the clogging aspect of the experiment, total cumulative solids were loaded up to $19.15kg/m^2$, and TSS removal efficiency was noted to commence to decrease when the loaded solids exceeded $9.0kg/m^2$. It was also noted, however, that superior efficiency was maintained for six hours. In addition, for pilot-scale experiment, the removal efficiency was still high enough (83.4 %) for the solid concentration of 140 ~ 343 mg SS/L and after backwashing, head loss was recovered to 92 ~ 95 % during two hour filtration. With these results, It was confirmed that lifetime of the filter applied to the test was prolonged due to the high treatment efficiency and good backwashing efficiency for the cumulative solids load.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.551-560
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this present study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a needs scale for patients with cancer undergoing follow-up care (NS-C). Methods: A preliminary NS-C of 48 was derived from literature reviews and in-depth interviews with patients with cancer. Content validation of the items was established by oncology physicians and nurses. Each item was scored on a five-point Likert scale. The preliminary NS-C and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status questionnaires were administered to 873 patients with cancer recruited from three university hospitals. The data were analyzed using factor analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's alpha. Results: From the factor analysis, 25 significant items in six subscales were derived. The subscales were named physical symptoms, diet and exercise, support, relationship with health professionals, treatment/prognosis, and keeping mind under control. The NS-C also established item convergent and discriminant validity, and known-groups validity. Cronbach's alpha of the subscales ranged from .90 to .92. Conclusion: This study suggests that the NS-C is an easy, reliable and valid instrument to measure the needs of patients with cancer. Health professionals may use the NS-C for patients with cancer both in practice and research.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.313-322
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify over time the changes of cancer symptom, depression and quality of life (QOL) among people who had stomach or colorectal cancer. Methods: Of the 74 participants recruited, 67 participated in the study. Participants were asked to complete three instruments at three different time. The instruments were the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Gastrointestinal Cancer Module, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General. The questionnaires were administered before chemotherapy, toward the end of chemotherapy, and six months after the completion of adjuvant therapy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measure ANOVA. Results: At the immediately after chemotherapy point, the most frequent symptom was lack of appetite, followed by fatigue and problem with remembering things. The mean score for depression was 8.27 with a prevalence of 31.3%. The mean score for quality of life was 61.88 out of 135. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant increase in cancer symptom (F=23.22, p<.001) and depression (F=35.29, p<.001) after chemotherapy. However, improvement was observed 6 months after the completion of chemotherapy. QOL (F=33.73, p<.001) also showed similar patterns as observed with cancer symptom and depression. Cancer symptom was the strongest predictor of QoL at pre-chemotherapy point. but depression was the strongest predictor at immediately after chemotherapy point. Conclusion: Chemotherapy is highly associated with cancer symptom, depression and QOL in patients with cancer. The nursing intervention is needed to relieve depression as well as cancer symptoms to improve QOL in patients undergoing chemotherapy from baseline to follow-up.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.20-27
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• 2009

This study aims to understand the consumer consciousness of the interior design by experiencing the interior space of the model house provided by the construction company. For this, the author investigated the spatial images about the apartment interior design and the satisfaction level depending on the experiential elements. Survey questionnaires were distributed to people who visited six model houses. Subjects were asked about the experience about the interior space of the model house. Their response to the experiential elements was analyzed with 5-point Likert scale and was computed as frequencies, percentages, and means. For the spatial image characteristics, adjectives were substituted for the image scales. As a result, the author found out the following: First, the interior space was commonly directed to the soft image, which was mixed with modern, noble, decent, dynamic and natural styles depending on the companies. The trend of each interior design basically had static, soft and vague images, and partially had two kinds of tendencies: the one was mild and natural, and the other was modern and elegant. Second, as the strategic modules of the experiential marketing, five experiential elements were investigated to find the satisfaction level through the model house interior space. The emotional element got the highest point followed by the cognitive element and the active element, while the sensible element and the relative element got the lowest point. Third, consumer response was generally positive toward the model house interior design provided by the construction company. It is necessary to make up for the design that can give an aesthetic pleasure with familiar images, rather than give a firm recognition about the design.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.925-933
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• 2009

This research was carried out by analyzing a form and composition in baseball cap targeting 97 marketing products, and we have typified it by frequency analysis. We have carried out comparing and wearing test between comparative pattern and the most preferred three products of sports brand, fashion brand A, and fashion brand B (flex fit). And also, in order to provide basic indices for developing new pattern, we have carried out analysis of variance. 1. As a result of analyzing a form in baseball cap, the most general pattern type for crown is central cutting with six pieces. In a cap, a basic type with no decoration was the most general. In the size adjustment and decoration, belt type and embroidery type (front or side embroidery of the crown) was the most common, respectively. 2. As a result of comparing and analyzing six-piece typed crown pattern, the comparative pattern was the same and symmetric in size and form of three patterns in front, side, and back. However, the patterns of marketing products of three brands were different in size and form of three patterns in front, side, and back. The patterns of sports brand were the largest in crown height and width, thus it was good at providing activity and motion. The patterns of fashion brand A were the shortest in the crown length and well-curved in front pattern, so it was well-matched with head shape. The patterns of fashion brand B were well-described back side of head since its convex and long patterns in the back head. 3. As a result of wearing test by five-point Likert scale among brand, pattern of fashion brand B outperformed the others since it was well-matched with head shape. In the cap, pattern of fashion brand A is the most preferred which was 7.5 cm of length and 18cm of width.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.816-820
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• 2001

This study aimed at relating body condition score (BCS) to ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat over the areas most commonly used to BCS Holstein-Friesian cows, and determining the practicality of ultrasound measurement of subcutaneous fat for assessment of energy status of the cow. Twenty-eight cows were scored to the nearest quarter point on a scale of 1-5 (1=thin and 5=fat) using both visual and tactile techniques. On the same day, ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat were obtained at the lumbar transverse process, thurl and near the tailhead areas on both sides of the cow making six locations. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between the six ultrasound locations ranged from 0.72-0.93 and were all significantly different from zero (p<0.01). Correlation coefficients between BCS and the mean lumbar, thurl and tailhead ultrasound measurements ranged between 0.67-0.72 and were also significantly different from zero (p<0.01). BCS was highly and significantly correlated to ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat. Ultrasound can be used independently or in conjunction with BCS to estimate the nutrition and energy status of cows.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1379-1385
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• 2017

The content of taxol in the bark of yews is very low, and this is not affordable from the environmental point of view. Thus, it is a necessity to look for alternative sources of taxol production to solve its supply. Currently, a large portion of the taxol in the market comes from chemical semi-synthesis, but the semi-synthetic precursors such as baccatin III and 10-deacetyl-baccatin III are extracted from needles and twigs of yew trees. Taxol-producing fungi as a renewable resource is a very promising way to increase the scale of taxol production. Our group has obtained a taxol-producing endophytic fungus, Aspergillus niger subsp. taxi HD86-9, to examine if A. niger can produce the taxanes. Six compounds from the fermentation broth of strain HD86-9 were isolated and identified by $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, and ESI-MS. The results showed that the six compounds included four taxane diterpenoids (taxol, cephalomannine, baccatin III, and 10-deacetyl-baccatin III) and two non-taxane compounds (${\beta}-sitosterol$ and flavonoid isovitexin). The study verified that the taxanes can be produced by the A. niger, which is very important to taxol production via chemical semi-synthesis. Additionally, the finding is potentially very significant to solve the taxol semi-synthetic precursors extracted from needles and twigs of yew trees, and the precursor production can be easily increased through the culture condition optimization, genetic breeding, and metabolic engineering of the A. niger.