• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.180-191
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• 2015

Purpose: There is a lack of data on the energy cost of children's everyday activities, adult values are often used as surrogates. In addition, the influence of body weight on the energy cost of activity when expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs) has not been vigorously explored. Methods: In this study 20 elementary school students 9~12 years of age completed 18 various physical activities while energy expenditure was measured continuously using a portable telemetry gas exchange system ($K_4b^2$, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Results: The average age was 10.4 years and the average height and weight was 145.1 cm and 43.6 kg, respectively. Oxygen consumption ($VO_2$), energy expenditure and METs at the time of resting of the subjects were 5.41 mL/kg/min, 1.44 kcal/kg/h, and 1.5 METs, respectively. METs values by 18 physical activities were as follows: Homework and reading books (1.6 METs), playing game with a mobile phone or video while sitting (1.6 METs), watching TV while sitting on a comfortable chair (1.7 METs), playing video game or mobile phone game while standing (1.9 METs), sweeping a room with a broom (2.7 METs) and playing a board game (2.8 METs) belong to light intensity physical activities. By contrary, speedy walking and running were 6.6 and 6.7 METs, respectively, which belong to high intensity physical activities over 6.0 METs. When the effect of body weight on physical activity energy expenditure was determined, $R^2$ values increased with 0.116 (playing a game at sitting), 0.176 (climbing up and down stairs), 0.246 (slow walking), and 0.455 (running), which showed that higher activity intensity increased explanation power of body weight on METs value. Conclusion: This study is important for direct evaluation of energy expenditure by physical activities of children, and it could be used directly for revising and complementing the existing activity classification table to fit for children.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

The exoskeleton robot to assist walking of hemiplegia patients or disabled persons has been studied in this paper. The exoskeleton robot with degrees of freedom of 2 axis has been developed and tested for joint motion. The obtained EMG signal from normal person was analyzed and the control signal was extracted from it for convenient and automotive performance of assistance robot to help hemiplegia patient walks as normal person does. the purpose of using FES(Functional Electrical Stimulation) for hemiplegia patient's walk is to restore damaged body function by this, but this could give fatal electrical shock to patients by wrong use or cause quick fatigue in muscle by continuous stimulation. The convenient movement of hemiplegia patients with minimum muscle fatigue was looked possibly by operation of assistance robot exoskeleton using control signal. and the walking assistance exoskeleton robot seemed works more efficiently than using FES stimulator. The experiment in this study was performed based on usual motion in our life like walking, standing-up, sitting-down, and particularly feedback control system using Piezo sensor along with button switch was applied for smooth swing motion in walking. The experiment also shows that hemiplegia patients can move conveniently by using electromyogram signal of healthy leg for the operation signal of assistance robot system attached at damaged symmetrical leg.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.381-391
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was try to check the change of a subjective evaluation about the life function fitness and health-related quality of life by executing the home support exercise program three times a week for total 16 weeks with elderly women that are order than 70 years old. The experiment group(total : 17 people, mean age : 79.4) and the control group(total : 17 people, mean age : 80.7) live Yeonje-gu in Busan city, and they don't have any physical injury and any inconvenience to move. and they are all composed of elderly women who agree to participate in this study. We carried out an analysis of covariance with SAS 9.2 statistics package. These are the results from it. First, the experiment group showed statistically significant increase(p<.001) in lifting dumbbells, repeatedly standing up and sitting down, 2.24m shuttle running, walking at the same place for 2 minutes. Second, there was no particular effect with the experiment group in flexibility(catching hands with their backs leaned against each other). This result point out that there is a need of supplementation like adding exercise item which can improve flexibility to home support exercise program. Third, there was no particular difference between the experiment group and the control group in 8 sub-factors with the subjective evaluation about health-related quality of life through SF-36. However, there the bodily pain and vitality sub-factors of experiment group was better than that of the control group with p<.10 level, so we considered this result showed us the positive effect slightly.

• Archives of design research
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• v.11
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• pp.48-58
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• 1995

In 1981. KOREA applied YEAR OF WORLD DISABLED DESIGNNATED BY UN as starting point to begin noticing disabled and gradually improve and understand the problems of the disabled.This study considering the income level and welfare level selected basic most widely used wheelchair as subject of study. Design Application of this study's main analysis are as follolVs 1. MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE STUDY ANALYSIS!Basic concept of wheelchair is for persons uncapable of move by sitting down. so main focus of study was considered on equipment which on chair. 2. WHEELCHAm MOVEMENT STUDY ANALYSISlThrough movement and test measurement which can be considered as basic study of Ergonomics, observe movement changes accordingly. 3. BACK(MAIN) WHEEL AND HANDRIM MOVEMENT ANALYSIS / Seat and wheel as the most important component of a wheelchair, study the relation of handrim and hand movement and test the most effective and comfortable handrim. Direction of the study was concerntrated on three areas, with results and information collected, would like to suggest design change of X type collapsible chair in areas of size of SEAT(air pocket type), HANDRIM(anti-slip hump), ARMHEST(transfer movement, rubber padding. accent), and HANDLE(adjustable, round type). The content started this study is only one small position of understanding the disabled. Also, the importance of one of many business of assisting disabled rehabilitation. (IJISABLED, REHABILITATION. APPROACH)

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.246-258
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• 2009

This study was conducted for behavioral characteristic analysis of the Asiatic Black Bear in a limited space. Behaviors of eight Asiatic Black Bears were classified into 13 normal stances and locomotor activities, 15 normal maintenance behaviors, 9 locomotory compulsive behaviors, 2 non-locomotory compulsive behaviors through the 3 years of monitoring. The bears had originally been released into the Jiri National Park for Asiatic Black Bear Restoration Project and were withdrawn again because of several reasons such as habituation to humans, and apiary damage. Through the monitoring of 6 hours per day during 3 months, classified behaviors were analyzed based on sex, age, observing month, observing timing, captivity period, and captive form. The total rate of stereotypic behaviors was $26.51{\pm}13.38%$. Among these, RA(Rest_A) was rated high as $47.32{\pm}18.32%$. In addition, SP(Standard pace), HR(Head rear), EP(Extended pace) were most frequently observed behaviors. The time budget of TFS(Two feet stand), SA(Sniff_A) and SB(Sniff_B) on females and younger individuals were relatively higher than male and older individuals. So we confirmed that females and younger individuals had more wariness and curiosity. As the period of captivity took longer, the rate of stereotypic behaviors was higher and more stereotypic behaviors were observed in the afternoon. At night, behaviors related with resting like Rest-A, Rest-B, Lying down, Lying on abdomen, Sitting were more frequently observed. We concluded that the captive state could affect the behaviors of Asiatic Black Bear and long term research should be necessary.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.538-548
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• 1995

Exercises are achievement oriented, the process is frequently perceived as hard and difficult Participants drop out from exercise programs in the middle of the training period. Dance movement, which is the deliberate and systematic use of movement, is enjoyable during the movement and provides opportunities for persons to express them-selves. Regular long term dance movement may in-duce a training effect with a decreased drop out rate. Dance movement could be one way to attain wellness, however, there have been few studies to evaluate both physiological and psychological aspects of dance movement. This study focused on evaluating the effects of dance movement training on body weight, resting blood pressure and heart rate, limb circumference and strength, stress response and subjective feelings. This quasi-experimental study was designed as a nonequivalent control group pre test -post test study. Ten healthy fe-male subjects, aged between 19 and 31 years volunteered for an eight week dance movement program. Ten healthy female subjects, between 19 and 21 years of age paticipated as controls. None of the subjects had performed regular physical activity for six months prior to the study. Dance movement was created with reference to Heber's movement guide. The Dance movement program consisted of approximately 30 minutes of dance, three days per week, for eight weeks. During each 30 minute work out, there were approximately 5 minutes of warm-up dancing, 20 minutes of conditioning dance and 5 minutes of cool-down dancing. The intensity for the conditioning phase was at between 60% and 65% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. Body weight, resting blood pressure and heart rate, circumference of mid upper arm, mid thigh and mid calf, muscle strength of upper and lower limb, physical and psychological response to stress were measured prior to, and following the experimental treatment. Body weight was measured by digital weight scale(Kyung In Corp., Korea). Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by sphygmomanometer, Resting heart rate was measured for one minute in a relaxed sitting position using the radial artery. Circumference of mid upper arm, mid thigh and mid calf was determined by tape measure. Muscle strength of the upper extremities was measured by a grip dynamometer (Takei Corp. No.1857, Japan) and that of the extremities was measured by the length of time the leg could be held at 45° Physical and psychological responses to stress were measured using the Symptoms of Stress (SOS)Scale. Paticipants in the dance movement were interviewed by the facilitator following the eight weeks, and their thematic responses about the dance movement were recorded. Following the eight week dance movement train-ing, body weight decreased significantly, circumference of mid thigh and mid calf increased. The length of time leg - raising could be held tended to increase following the dance movement training. Resting systolic and resting heart rate showed a tendency to decrease. Total mean score of stress response tended to de-crease, and mean score of habitual patterns, do-pression, anxiety / fear, anger and cognitive disorganization decreased remarkably following the eight week dance movement. Thematic responses about the dance movement were positive following the training.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2021

In horse management, the alarm system with sensors in the foaling period enables the breeder can appropriately prepare the time of the parturition. It is important to prevent losses by unpredictable parturition because there are several high risks such as dystocia and the death of foals and mares during foaling. However, unlike analysis in the alarm system that detects specific motions has been widely performed, analysis of classification following specific behavior patterns or number needs to be more organized. Thus, the objective of this study is to classify signs of the specific behaviors of the mares for the prediction of pre-foaling behaviors. Five Thoroughbred mares (9-20 yrs) were randomly selected for observation of the pre-foaling behaviors. The behaviors were monitored for 90 min that was divided into three different periods as 1) from -90 to -60 min, 2) from -60 to -30 min, 3) from -30 min to the time for the discharge of the amniotic fluid, respectively. The behaviors were divided into two different categories as state and frequent behaviors and each specific behavioral pattern for classification was individually described. In the state behaviors, the number of mares in the standing of the foaling group (3.17 ± 0.18^b) at period 3 was significantly higher than the control group (1.67 ± 0.46^a). In contrast, the number of the mares in the eating of the foaling group (1.17 ± 0.34^b) at period 3 was significantly lower than the control group (3.33 ± 0.46^a). In the frequent behaviors, the weaving of the foaling group was significantly higher than the control group, and looking at the belly of the foaling group was significantly lower than the control group. In period 2, defecation, weaving, and lowering the head of the foaling group were significantly higher than the control group, respectively. In period 3, sitting down and standing up, pawing, weaving, and lowering the head in the foaling group were also significantly higher than the control group. In conclusion, the behavior is significantly different in foaling periods, and the prediction of foaling may be feasible by the detection of the pre-foaling behaviors in the mares.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of drinking patterns and the prevalence of hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder with the assessment of alcohol policy needs in community population of urban city in Korea. Methods : Data was collected from 1,000 residents in a single urban city in Korea, from June 1 to July 31, 2011 by a questionnaire. As research tools, socio-demographic characteristics composed of variables based on study purpose, alcohol problems and alcohol use disorder state scales composed with Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test(AUDIT) and Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener(CAGE), and the assessment of alcohol policy needs in community population questions were used. Results : The lifetime experience of alcohol drinking was 97.4%. For the frequency of drinking, 21.9% of population responded 2 to 4 times per weekly. 24.4% of male had one time or more high risk drinking, defined as having four or more drinks in a sitting, per week. 51.6% experienced the first time drinking of alcohol in adolescence. The lifetime prevalence of hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder were 14.9% and 3.3%, respectively using AUDIT. Alcohol use disorder were 9.6% with the CAGE scale. Problem drinking were 8.4% in this study. They requested the program such as prevention education(57.2%), construction of liaison system to treatment facilities(50.1%), alcohol counseling and intervention(41.7%), and rehabilitation program(39.8%). Conclusions : These results demonstrate that alcohol problem and alcohol use disorder were much prevalent, and these problem started in the earlier age. It is necessary to develop an effective alcohol prevention program or policy with considering the needs in community population.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.115-125
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the user's thermal environments under the pergola($L\;7,200{\times}W\;4,200{\times}H\;2,700mn$) covered with Wisteria floribunda(Willd.) DC. according to the variation of leaf area index(LAI). We carried out detailed measurements with two human-biometeorological stations on a popular square Jinju, Korea($N35^{\circ}10^{\prime}59.8^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, $E\;128^{\circ}05^{\prime}32.0^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation: 38m). One of the stations stood under a pergola, while the other in the sun. The measurement spots were instrumented with microclimate monitoring stations to continuously measure air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed, shortwave and longwave radiation from the six cardinal directions at the height of 0.6m so as to calculate the Universal Thermal Climate Index(UTCI) from $9^{th}$ April to $27^{th}$ September 2017. The LAI was measured using the LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer. The analysis results of 18 day's 1 minute term human-biometeorological data absorbed by a man in sitting position from 10am to 4pm showed the following. During the whole observation period, daily average air temperatures under the pergola were respectively $0.7{\sim}2.3^{\circ}C$ lower compared with those in the sun, daily average wind speed and relative humidity under the pergola were respectively 0.17~0.38m/s and 0.4~3.1% higher compared with those in the sun. There was significant relationship in LAI, Julian day number and were expressed in the equation $y=-0.0004x^2+0.1719x-11.765(R^2=0.9897)$. The average $T_{mrt}$ under the pergola were $11.9{\sim}25.4^{\circ}C$ lower and maximum ${\Delta}T_{mrt}$ under the pergola were $24.1{\sim}30.2^{\circ}C$ when compared with those in the sun. There was significant relationship in LAI, reduction ratio(%) of daily average $T_{mrt}$ compared with those in the sun and was expressed in the equation $y=0.0678{\ln}(x)+0.3036(R^2=0.9454)$. The average UTCI under the pergola were $4.1{\sim}8.3^{\circ}C$ lower and maximum ${\Delta}UTCI$ under the pergola were $7.8{\sim}10.2^{\circ}C$ when compared with those in the sun. There was significant relationship in LAI, reduction ratio(%) of daily average UTCI compared with those in the sun and were expressed in the equation $y=0.0322{\ln}(x)+0.1538(R^2=0.8946)$. The shading by the pergola covered with vines was very effective for reducing daytime UTCI absorbed by a man in sitting position at summer largely through a reduction in mean radiant temperature from sun protection, lowering thermal stress from very strong(UTCI >$38^{\circ}C$) and strong(UTCI >$32^{\circ}C$) down to strong(UTCI >$32^{\circ}C$) and moderate(UTCI >$26^{\circ}C$). Therefore the pergola covered with vines used for shading outdoor spaces is essential to mitigate heat stress and can create better human thermal comfort especially in cities during summer. But the thermal environments under the pergola covered with vines during the heat wave supposed to user "very strong heat stress(UTCI>$38^{\circ}C$)". Therefore users must restrain themselves from outdoor activities during the heat waves.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.267-290
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• 2018

This paper reviews and criticizes the EU Case of C-452/13, Germanwings GmbH v. Ronny Henning. Under this case, Ronny Henning later sued Lufthansa's budget carrier Germanwings after it refused to pay him 250 euros compensation for a delay he said totalled more than three hours. Germanwings, however, maintained his flight had arrived only two hours and 58 minutes behind schedule. In those circumstances, the following question to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for a preliminary ruling: What time is relevant for the term time of arrival used in Articles 2, 5 and 7 of Regulation [No 261/2004]: (a) the time that the aircraft lands on the runway (touchdown); (b) the time that the aircraft reaches its parking position and the parking brakes are engaged or the chocks have been applied (in-block time); (c) the time that the aircraft door is opened; (d) a time defined by the parties in the context of party autonomy? ECJ says that the situation of passengers on a flight does not change substantially when their aircraft touches down on the runway at the destination airport, when that aircraft reaches its parking position and the parking brakes are engaged or when the chocks are applied, as the passengers continue to be subject, in the enclosed space in which they are sitting, to various constraints. Therefore, it is only when the passengers are permitted to leave the aircraft and the order is given to that effect to open the doors of the aircraft that the passengers may in principle resume their normal activities without being subject to those constraints. ECJ rules that it is apparent that Articles 2, 5 and 7 of Regulation No 261/2004 must be interpreted as meaning that the concept of 'arrival time', which is used to determine the length of the delay to which passengers on a flight have been subject, corresponds to the time at which at least one of the doors of the aircraft is opened, the assumption being that, at that moment, the passengers are permitted to leave the aircraft.