• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.605-611
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• 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of seat heights for optimizing the ingress/egress performance in the elderly people. Background: Recently elderly users have been increasing in number and the ease of ingress/egress of the vehicle becomes an important issue. Method: Seven elderly subjects participated in this study(age: 71.7${\pm}$3.6yr, height: 167.7${\pm}$5.4cm, weight: 68.1${\pm}$11.5kg). Each subject performed the sitting and rising task from comfortable seated position on the chair under the following conditions: (1) with a lumbar support and (2) without a lumbar support. We measured EMG activities of seven muscles(tibialis anterior, soleus, gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris and erector supinae) and ranges of motion in lower limb during sitting and standing from three different heights (400mm, 500mm and 600mm from ground) of slide-up seat. Results: Muscle activities and angular movements of hip and knee joints during standing-up and sitting-down with a high seat height(600mm) were reduced mean 30.4% in extensor muscles, 57.11% in flexor muscle, 18.74% in erector muscle and 31.0% in joints compared with a low seat height(400mm). Conclusion: Muscle activities and joint movements in hip and knee were reduced when rising/sitting from a high seat height(600mm) compared with a low seat height(400mm). Application: This study can be used to design vehicle that are easy to get in and out of by older peoples with or without impairments.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.14 no.1_4
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• pp.55-60
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• 2007

The purpose of this case report is to investigate whether an attempt to hold the repeated upright posture under blocking the patient's vision affects the deficits to push away from the paralytic side and the relapse time from down to stand up position without push away in patients with hemiplegia with pusher syndrome. Two hemiplegic patients with pusher syndrome were assessed. The task was performed 4 times per day for 6 weeks. The modified barthel index (MBI) was performed to assess activities of daily living (ADL). For assessing balance, the "balanced sitting" and "sit to stand" are analyzed using by modified motor assessment scale (MMAS). The scale for contraversive pushing (SCP) was used for determination of push away from paralyzed side. MBI, MMAS and SCP were assessed before and after trial of the task. In patient 1, total score of the scale is 0 in sitting posture and standing posture within 3 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively, In patient 2, total score of the scale is 0 in sitting posture and standing posture within 4 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively. These results demonstrated that pusher syndrome was completely resolved in at least 6 weeks. Our findings indicate that this physical therapy seems to be relevant for the hemiplegic patients with pusher syndrome.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.936-942
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• 2005

Recently the exoskeletal power assistive equipment which is a kind of wearable robot has been widely developed to help the human body motion. For the elderly people and patients, however, some limits exist due to the weight and volume of the equipments. As a feasible solution, a tendon-driven exoskeletal power assistive device fur the lower body, and caster walker are proposed in this research. Since the caster walker carries the heavy items, the weight and volume of the wearable exoskeleton are minimized. The key control is used to generate the joint torque required to assist motions such as sitting, standing and walking. Experiments were performed for several motions and the EMG sensors were used to measure the magnitude of assistance. When the motion of sitting down and standing up was compared with and without wearing the proposed device, the $25\%$ assistance was acquired.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.15-18
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• 2000

We developed a human-sized BWR(biped walking robot) driven by a new actuator based on the ball screw which has high strength and high gear ratio. The robot overcomes the limit of the driving torque of conventional BWRs. Each leg of the robot is composed of three pitch joints and one roll joint. In all, a 10 degree-of-freedom robot with two balancing joints was developed. The BWR was developed to walk autonomously such that it is actuated by small torque motors and is boarded with DC battery and controllers. In the performance test, the BWR performed nice motions of sitting-up and sitting-down. Through the test, we could find capability of high performance in biped-walking.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.267-267
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• 2000

We developed a human-sized BWR(biped walking robot) driven by a new actuator based on the ball screw which has high strength and high gear ratio. The robot overcomes the limit of the driving torque of conventional BWRs. Each leg of the robot is composed of three pitch joints and one roll joint. In all, a 10 degree-of-freedom robot with two balancing joints was developed. The BWR was developed to walk autonomously such that it is actuated by small torque motors and is boarded with DC battery and controllers. In the performance test, the BWR peformed nice motions of sitting-up and sitting-down. Through the test, we could find capability of high performance in biped-walking.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.815-818
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• 2010

Free base meso-tetraarylporphyrins ($H_2T(X)PP$) react with tellurium(IV) chloride ($TeCl_4$) in mild conditions for formation sandwich intermediate sitting-atop (i-SAT) complexes, [$TeCl_4(H_2T(X)PP)_2$]. $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, UV-vis, FT-IR and elemental analysis were used for characterization of the products. In the proposed structure of the i-SAT complexes, four pyrroles of each porphyrin ring are tilted alternatively up and down and this appropriates suitable orientation of lone pairs of two pyrrolenine nitrogens for electron donation to a tellurium center. $^1H$ NMR and FT-IR results showed that in the produced complex, hydrogen atoms of porphyrin macrocycles remained on the pyrrole nitrogens.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.551-563
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• 1999

In this study, university students were allowed to wear the slacks varying the thigh circumference(slim/straight type) and crotch length(long, middle, short crotch type). Tightness and uncomfortability for each slacks were measured to be expressed 5point-likert type. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. At the research for measuring uncomfortability, measures of slim types and straight types of thigh circumference, crotch length B and C, and the body movement such as sitting down on the chair, sitting down with their body curling like a ball, and getting down on their knees were higher in slim types than in straight types. 2. Only crotch length C had different measures between these two types in tightness. 3. In uncomfortability, each of them had different measures among three kinds of crotch length and two types of thigh circumference had different measures among three kinds of crotch length. Four kinds of movement had different measures among three kinds of crotch length in uncomfortability. While uncomfortability of crotch length B was the highest one, that of crotch length A was the lowest one. 4. In tightness, each of them had different measures among three kinds of crotch length. While tightness of crotch length C was the highest one, that of crotch length A was the lowest one. Four kinds of movement had different measures among three kinds of crotch length in tightness.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.165-173
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• 2019

This study aims to examine the moderating effects of band circuit training for the mortality improvement of elderly women to provide an effective exercise moderating program for the enhanced quality of life of the elderly. To achieve the purpose of this study, the moderating effects of 8 weeks of band circuit training in the Senior Fitness Tests (SFT) and Sitting Rising Tests (SRT) of elderly women ages 65 and older in Y city were examined and the following results were gained. The functional fitness of elderly women according to the moderating effects of band circuit training (sitting down in a chair and standing up, lifting 2 kg dumbbells, walking in place for 2 minutes, sitting in a chair and bending forward, hand holding behind one's back, walking back and forth for 2.44 m) and the Sitting Rising Test (SRT) displayed statistically significant interaction effects among measurement times and groups and positive improvements were shown in the test group after band circuit training moderation. These research results show that band circuit training moderation has a positive effect on functional fitness and SRT, which are associated with the mortality rate of the elderly, and thus it can be applied as an effective exercise moderation program for the improvement of quality of life through the mortality improvement of the elderly.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.26-37
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• 2011

Although there have been various studies related to the body's movement from a sitting to a standing position (sit-to-stand task), there is limited information on the kinematic changes on the frontal and transverse planes. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how pelvic tilt affects kinematic changes in the frontal and transverse planes in the hip and knee joints during a sit-to-stand task. For this study, 33 healthy participants (13 female) were recruited. Each participant rose from a sitting to a standing posture at his or her preferred speed for each of three different pelvic tilt trials (anterior, posterior, and neutral), and the measured angles were analyzed using a 3-D motion analysis system. A one-way repeated measure analysis of variance was performed with Bonferroni's post hoc test. In addition, an independent t-test was carried out to determine the sex differences in hip and knee joint kinematic changes during the sit-to-stand tasks. The results were as follows: 1) The hip and knee joint angle in the frontal and transverse planes showed a significant difference between the different pelvic tilt postures during sitting in the pre-buttock lift-off phase (pre-LO) (p<.05). Compared to the posterior pelvic tilt posture, the anterior pelvic tilt posture involved significantly greater hip joint adduction and internal rotation, knee joint adduction, and reduced internal rotation of the knee joint. 2) Sex differences were found with significant differences for males in the initial and maximal angles in the frontal plane of the hip and knee joint (p<.05). Females had a significantly smaller initial abduction angle of the hip joint and a significantly greater maximal angle of the hip adduction joint. These results suggest that selecting a sit-to-stand exercise for pelvic tilt posture should be considered to control abnormal movement in the lower extremities.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.97-115
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the observed behaviors of subjects who suffered from low back pain with spinal diseases, Thirty two low back pain patients admitted on the neurosurgical unit in an army hospital were compared with 30 normal controls belonged to an army unit, by means of matching the age, hight and weight. Observed pain behaviors were developed by the researcher on the bases of literature and patient observation. This tool consists of 18 behaviors seperated into two major groups : mutually exclusive and concomittent behaviors. The mutually exclusive behaviors included coding cathegories for 6. body motions assumed by the subjects during the observation session. These 6 standardized motions consisted of sitting from standing first, and serially tying down, reclining, sitting again, and then standing, 6 steps walking. Concomittent behaviors consisted of 12 observable patterns that can be observed systematically from the face, grimacing, bracing, rubbing, walking with arms fixed, support with hands on sitting or standing, guarded movement, limping, unbalaced weightbearing, stopped movement from tying position to sitting, sighing and graoning. Subjects were videotrecorded as they performed a 6-standardized sequence of motions, simultanously researcher measured the time spent performing each motion and step length. Patients were asked torate their subjective pain score on the 10 mm graphic rating scale ranging from 'no pain' to 'sever pain'. For scoring of the pain behaviors, two trained nursing officiers independently and simutanously viewwd each videorecording and checked subject 'pain behaviors at the observational item checklist. The result of the study are summarized as follows : 1. Reability of the observational tool was a=.845. 2. Spearman's rho and percentage agreement were p=.97 and 81.7 persent respectively, that indicate adequate interrater reability of this tool. 3. The sensitivity rate of the tool was .875 while specificity rate .866 for differentiating patient from the normal. 4. When difference in the objective pain indices between patient group and control were compared, there was significant difference of all indices, such as pain behavior(t=7.71, p=.0001). spent time performing motion(t=14.2, p=.0001), step length (t=-10.72, p=.0001). 5. There were differences in the objective indices the subjective pain subgroups (low, medium, high). Differences in the mean score of objective pain behavior (F=6.376. p=.005) and spent time for moyion(F=4.631, p=.018). But there were no significant differences in the step length among the subgroups(F=.667, p=.521). 6. Highly correlated pain behavior items wiyh subjective pain score were 'stopped movement from lying position to sitting', 'limping', 'support with hands on sitting or standing', 'bracing', 'guarding' and 'walking with arms fixed'. In summary, although some of rho behavior items such as sighing and groaning in this study could not be observed because of videotaped datd, the reliability and validity of the over all observation method were satifactory. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate rye potetional utility of the tool in assessing objective pain complementing self-reported pain in low back pain patients.