• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.219-227
• /
• 1993

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 5% tetracycline(Tc) with or without citric acid on periodontally diseased root surfaces. Six single-rooted teeth extracted from one patient was selected and received thorough scaling and root planning, followed by saline irrigation. Each one tooth was divided into eight fragments with a thin separating disc. Total 48 fragments were prepared and setted into 4 groups for this study. Group I (control group)were treated with saline. Group II were treated with 5% Tc gel. Group III were treated with 33% citric acid-5% Tc gel. Group IV were treated with Tc solution. All the specimens are evaluated under Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). Group I showed large amount of debris in spite of thorough scaling and root planing, but Group II, III & IV showed clean and soft root surface texture. In higher magnification(x3, 000), Group II, III & IV showed nunmerous dentinal tubules, especially Group IV showed collagen fibrils. In the present study, Tc gel and Tc gel with citric showed clinically successful result when treated on periodontally diseased root surface, in vitro.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.153-163
• /
• 2010

Periodontal disease, as a polymicrobial disease, is globally endemic as well as being a global epidemic. It is the leading cause for tooth loss in the adult population and has been positively related to life-threatening systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes. As a result, it is clear that more sophisticated therapeutic modalities need to be developed, which may include vaccines. Up to now, however, no periodontal vaccine trial has been successful in satisfying all the requirements; to prevent the colonization of a multiple pathogenic biofilm in the subgingival area, to elicit a high level of effector molecules such as immunoglobulin sufficient to opsonize and phagocytose the invading organisms, to suppress the induced alveolar bone loss, or to stimulate helper T-cell polarization that exerts cytokine functions optimal for protection against bacteria and tissue destruction. This article reviews all the vaccine trials so as to construct a more sophisticated strategy which may be relevant in the future. As an innovative strategy to circumvent these barriers, vaccine trials to stimulate antigen-specific T-cells polarized toward helper T-cells with a regulatory phenotype (Tregs, $CD_{4+}$, $CD_{25+}$, $FoxP_{3+}$) have also been introduced. Targeting not only a single pathogen, but polymicrobial organisms, and targeting not only periodontal disease, but also periodontal disease-triggered systemic disease could be a feasible goal.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2006

The factors influencing long-term prognosis of teeth must be carefully considered. Among these, attachment level is strongly associated with tooth loss. The purpose of the present study was to estimate pattern of attachment loss based on attachment area in extracted teeth. 197 satisfied the criteria for assessment after staining. The protocol described by Waerhaug(l975) was performed. An indir ect method, based on digital image abstracted from digital camera and digital imaging software program, was used to calculate the root surface area and the attachment loss area. The data were analysed using SPSS. Except maxillary central incisior and mandibular canine, no statistical significant differences between each root surfaces were observed in anterior teeth. In posterior teeth, statistical significant differences in palatal surface of maxillary molar and mandibular molar compared with others were observed. Statistical significant difference in buccal surface compared with others was lowly observed in single and multi rooted. This study did not reveal progressive loss pattern of attachment area in each root surface but clarified root surface that has relative high loss rate of attachment area at extraction. Thus understanding this pattern of attachment loss is helpful for dentist to treat the periodontitis.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 2009

본 연구에서는 NiTi scissors-bite corrector를 세 가지 서로 다른 굵기 $0.018"{\times}0.025",\;0.016"{\times}0.022"$, 0.016"의 NiTi 와이어로 제작하였을 때 각각의 치아 이동 양상을 치아 이동 시뮬레이션 장치인 Calorific machine을 이용하여 3차원적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 가위교합에 이환된 상악 제2대구치 모형을 제작하고 제2소구치와 제1대구치 사이에 교정용 미니 임플랜트(orthodontic mini-implant)를 식립하여 제1대구치에 간접골성고정원을 설계하였다. 세 가지 굵기의 NiTi scissors-bite corrector를 부착하여 실험하였다. 치아의 이동 전후에 실험 모형은 computed tomography(CT)로 촬영하고 3차원 데이터로 변환하여 중첩하였다. 치아 이동 방향과 이동량을 계측하여, NiTi scissors-bite corrector 와이어 굵기에 따른 치아 이동 양상에 관한 통계적 유의성을 검정한 결과, 제2대구치 치관의 설측 이동량은 $0.018"{\times}0.025"$군(2.65 mm)이 가장 많았으며, 0.016"군(1.96 mm)과 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 제2대구치 치관의 압하량은 $0.018"{\times}0.025"$군(2.35 mm), $0.016"{\times}0.022"$군(1.18 mm), 0.016"군(1.00 mm)으로 $0.018"{\times}0.025"$군이 나머지 두 군과 유의한 차이를 보였고(p<0.05), 치근의 압하량은 $0.018"{\times}0.025"$군(4.19 mm), $0.016"{\times}0.022"$군(3.29 mm), 0.016"군(2.24 mm)으로 세 군 간 모두 통계적 유의차를 보였다(p<0.05). 치아의 이동 양상을 관찰한 결과, 0.016"군에서는 제2대구치 치근의 협측 이동이 나타나지 않았다. 간접골성고정원으로 사용된 제1대구치의 고정원 소실은 0.2 mm 이하로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 $0.018"{\times}0.025"$ NiTi 와이어로 제작한 NiTi scissors-bite corrector를 교정용 미니 임플랜트를 이용한 간접골성고정원과 함께 이용하였을 때, 최소한의 고정원의 소실과 함께 가장 큰 상악 제2대구치의 설측 이동 및 압하가 일어났다고 할 수 있다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.101-105
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The present study aimed to measure root surface roughness in teeth with periodontitis by a profilometer following root planning with ultrasonic and hand instruments with and without erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation. Methods: Sixty single-rooted maxillary and mandibular teeth, extracted because of periodontal disease, were collected. The crowns and apices of the roots were cut off using a diamond bur and water coolant. The specimens were mounted in an acrylic resin block such that a plain root surface was accessible. After primary evaluation and setting a baseline, the samples were divided into 4 groups. In group 1, the samples were root planned using a manual curette. The group 2 samples were prepared with an ultrasonic scaler. In group 3, after scaling with hand instrumentation, the roots were treated with a Smart 1240D plus Er:YAG laser and in group 4, the roots were prepared with ultrasonic scaler and subsequently treated with an Er:YAG laser. Root surface roughness was then measured by a profilometer (MahrSurf M300+RD18C system) under controlled laboratory conditions at a temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ and 41% humidity. The data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and a t-test (P<0.05). Results: Significant differences were detected in terms of surface roughness and surface distortion before and after treatment. The average reduction of the surface roughness after treatment in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 1.89, 1.88, 1.40, and 1.52, respectively. These findings revealed no significant differences among the four groups. Conclusions: An Er:YAG laser as an adjunct to traditional scaling and root planning reduces root surface roughness. However, the surface ultrastructure is more irregular than when using conventional methods.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.121-134
• /
• 2000

Root conditioning has introduced to dissolve the smear layer and to produce surface demineralization, resulting to exposure of dentin collagen fibril and opening of dentinal tubules. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different concentration and application time of tetracycline-HCL on root conditioning. Total 40 root specimen were prepared from 20 periodontitis-prone human single rooted tooth. The specimen were treated with tetracycline-HCL solution(20mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml)for 20 sec, 3 min, 5 min., and saline for 30 sec. The application method was rubbing method with cotton pellet. Under the scanning electron microscopy(20KV), the extent of smear removal and opening of the dentinal tubules were examined at x 3000. The following results were obtained. 1. Treatment of root specimen with saline did not remove the smear layer and open the dentinal tubules. 2. Treatment of root specimen with different concentration of tetracycline-HCL for 20 sec also did not remove the smear layer completely. 3. Treatment of root specimen with different concentration of tetracycline-HCL for 3 min opened the dentinal tubules and removed smear layer. 4. Treatment of root specimen with 50mg/ml of tetracycline-HCL for 3 min showed collagen fibril within the opened dentinal tubules. In conclusion, the effect of root conditioning with tetracycline-HCL is more dependent on the application time than the application concentration. Root conditioning with 50mg/ml tetracycline-HCL for 3 min is enough for obtaining the periodontal regeneration.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제52권2호
• /
• pp.91-115
• /
• 2022

Purpose: This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy, defined in terms of the mean percentage of root coverage (mRC), of surgical treatment approaches combined with adhesive restorations of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) to that of root coverage alone in patients with a single gingival recession (GR) and NCCL. Methods: A literature search was conducted to identify longitudinal studies reporting the mRC following treatment for the correction of GR defects associated with NCCLs using a combination of surgical and restorative techniques in systemically and periodontally healthy patients. Results: The search resulted in the retrieval of 12,409 records. Seven publications met the inclusion criteria for the qualitative synthesis of data. The mRCs ranged from 69% to 97%. In the medium term, the gingival margin position was more stable when a connective tissue graft (CTG) was used, independently of whether restoration of teeth with NCCLs was performed. Conclusions: The strength of the evidence was limited by methodological heterogeneity in terms of study design as well as the unit and period of analysis, which precluded a metaanalysis. Although no definitive conclusion could be drawn due to the lack of sufficient evidence to estimate the effectiveness of the interventions, CTG-based procedures contributed to gingival margin stability regardless of the performance of restoration to treat NCCLs.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.41-45
• /
• 2009

Background: Reduced bone height is one of the major problems faced in restoring tooth loss with implants. By the use of short implants, it is possible to reduce complicated and invasive treatment such as bone graft, allowing more simple surgery. But short implants are generally considered to have lower success rates than that of standard implants. Purpose: To assess the results of short Straumann implants by a retrospective study of short Straumann implants with TPS(titanium plasma-sprayed) and SLA(sandblasted, large grit, acid etched) surfaces. Materials and methods: 173 implants in 106 patients who received short Straumann implant surgery(${\le}8\;mm$) in the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Kyunghee Dental Hospital, from February 1996 to October 2006 were selected and studied. All of the implants were followed up after prosthetic rehabilitation. The average follow-up period was 34 months with 119 months as the longest follow up period. The average follow-up period after prosthetic rehabilitation was 31 months. 64 females(60.4%) and 42 males(39.6%) participated in the research with the age range of 19 to 85(mean age 47). 20 patients(18.9%) were under 40, 85 patients(80.2%) were over 40 and under 70, and only one patient(0.9%) was over 70 years old. Results: 27 implants(15.6%) had TPS surface while 146 implants(84.4%) had SLA surface. 9 implants(5.2%) were 3.3, 108 implans(62.4%) were 4.1mm and 56 implants(32.4%) were 4.8mm in diameter. 167 implants(96.5%) were 8mm and 6 implants(3.5%) were 6mm in length. There were 24 implants(13.9%) on the maxillas and 149 implants(68.8%) on the mandibles. 119 implants(68.8%) were rehabilitated with FPD(fixed partial denture), 47 implants(27.2%) with single crowns and 4 implants(2.3%) with overdentures. Among the fixed partial dentures, 30 of them were splinted with short implants only. After over an year of follow-up period, 139 implants(96.5%) out of 144 implants showed marginal bone loss of less than 1mm. 3 out of 173 implants failed showing 98.27% survival rate. Conclusions: The use of short Straumann implants(${\le}8mm$) can be a simple and reliable treatment method in minimal residual bone height.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제59권1호
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2021

목적: 현재 임상에서 스캔바디를 이용한 임플란트의 디지털 인상이 활용되고 있으나 스캔바디의 형태에 따른 스캔의 정확도에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 구내 스캔바디의 형태에 따른 스캔의 정확도를 비교하고, 구강 내 노출 높이에 따른 라이브러리 중첩 정확도를 비교하기 위함이다. 재료 및 방법: 덴티폼 상에서 36번 치아를 삭제 후 모델 스캐너로 스캔하여 3D 프린터로 주모형을 출력하였다. 첫 번째 실험으로 세 종류(A, B, C)의 구내 스캔바디를 준비하여 각 그룹마다 다음과 같은 실험을 하였다: 36번 부위에 임플란트를 이상적인 위치로 식립 후 스캔바디를 15 N으로 체결하였다. 스캔바디가 체결된 주모형을 모델 스캐너로 스캔하여 master reference file (대조군)을 STL (Standard Tessellation Language) file로 생성하였다. 이후 구강 스캐너로 10회의 연속적인 스캔을 시행하여 10개의 STL file (실험군)을 생성하였다. 3D 측정 소프트웨어를 이용하여 대조군과 실험군들의 STL file들을 중첩한 후 좌표계 상에서 다음과 같은 값들을 도출하였다: 1) 스캔바디 상 특정 point의 거리 편차 2) 스캔바디 장축의 각도 편차. 두 번째 실험으로는 스캔바디의 구강내 노출 높이에 따른 라이브러리 중첩 정확도를 비교하기 위해 스캔바디 스캔 데이터를 7, 4.5, 2.5, 1.5, 1.0, 0.5 mm 총 6 가지 높이로 준비하여 라이브러리 파일과 중첩하였다. 전체가 노출된 7 mm 데이터를 대조군으로 하여 거리 편차와 각도 편차를 계산하였다. 결과: 첫번째 실험에서 A, B 스캔바디 간(P = .278), B, C 스캔바디 간(P = .568), C, A 스캔바디 간(P = .711) 스캔 파일의 거리 편차 모두 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. A, B 스캔바디 간(P= .568), B, C 스캔바디 간(P = .546), C, A 스캔바디 간(P = .112) 스캔 파일의 각도 편차 또한 모두 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 스캔바디는 구강 내 노출 높이가 높은 실험군(GH, Gingival Height = 4.5)의 라이브러리 중첩 정확도가 높이가 낮은 실험군(GH = 0.5)보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다 (P < .05). 결론: 스캔바디의 각기 다른 형태에 따른 스캔 정확도는 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 스캔바디의 구강 내 노출 높이에 따라 라이브러리 중첩의 정확도는 증가한다. 추후 in vivo 환경에서 더 다양한 형태의 스캔바디를 이용한 후속연구가 필요할 것이다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.111-118
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The integrity of interproximal hard/soft tissue has been widely accepted as the key determinant for success or degree of root coverage following the connective tissue graft. However, we reason that the gingival biotype of an individual, defined as the distance from the interproximal papilla to gingiva margin, may be the key determinant that influence the extent of root coverage regardless of traditional classification of gingival recession. Hence, the present study was performed with an aim to verify that individual gingival scalloping pattern inherent from biotype influence the level of gingival margin following the connective tissue graft for root coverage. Methods: Test group consisted of 43 single-rooted teeth from 21 patients (5 male and 16 female patients, mean age: 36.6 years) with varying degrees of gingival recession requiring connective tissue graft; 20 teeth of Miller class I and 23 teeth of Miller class III gingival recession, respectively. The control group consisted of contralateral teeth which did not demonstrate apparent gingival recession, and thus not requiring root coverage. For a biotype determination, an imaginary line connecting two adjacent papillae of a test tooth was drawn. The distance from this line to gingival margin at mid-buccal point and this distance (P-M distance) was designated as "gingival biotype" for a given individual. The distance was measured at baseline and 3 to 6 months examinations postoperatively both in test and control groups. The differences in the distance between Miller class I and III were subject to statistical analysis by using Student.s t-test while those between the test and control groups within a given patient were by using paired t-test. Results: The P-M distance at 3 to 6 months postoperatively was not significantly different between Miller class I and Miller class III. It was not significantly different between the test and control group in a given patient, either, both in Miller class I and III. Conclusions: The amount of root coverage following the connective tissue graft was not dependent on Miller's classification, but rather was dependent on P-M distance, strongly implying that the gingival biotype of a given patient may play a critical impact on the level of gingival margin following connective tissue graft.