• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.35-51
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• 2006

This paper deals with a general contraction. Two fixed-point theorems for a limit weak-compatible pair of a multi-valued map and a self map on a D-metric space have been established. These results improve significantly, the main results of Dhage, Jennifer and Kang [5] by reducing its assumption and generalizing its contraction simultaneously. At the same time some results of Singh, Jain and Jain [12] are generalized from a self map to a pair of a set-valued and a self map. Theorems of Veerapandi and Rao [16] get generalized and improved by these results. All the results of this paper are new.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.565-574
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• 2001

Experimental investigation into the behaviour of half-scale brick masonry panels were conducted under cyclic loading normal to the bed joint and parallel to the bed joint. For each cycle, full reloading was performed with the cycle peaks coinciding approximately with the envelope curve. Unloading, however, was carried out fully to zero stress level and partially to two different stress levels of 25 percent and 50 percent of peak stress. Stability point limit exhibits a unique stress-strain curve for full unloading but it could not be established for partial unloading. Common point limit was established for all unloading-reloading patterns considered, but its location depends on the stress level at which unloading is carried to. Common point curves were found to follow an exponential formula, while residual strains versus envelope strains can be expressed by a polynomial function of a single term. The relation between residual strain and envelope strain can be used to determine the stress level at which deterioration due to cyclic loading began.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제22권
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• pp.201-226
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• 2004

P & I Clubs are mutual and non-profit making insurers which offer shipowners cover for the contractual and third-party liabilities. Whereas most shipowners obtain P & I insurance to cover for their legal liabilities, they also obtain hull insurance to cover against damages to the hull of their vessels from commercial hull insurers. P & I insurance was distinguished from hull insurance in respect that it offered non-limited cover to shipowner member, but there was a serious debate between P & I Clubs in respect of the non-limited cover. A compromise by International Group of P & I Clubs eventually emerged under which, with effect from 20 February 1997, a financial cap was placed on the obligation of each shipowner to pay catasrophe calls to his club(20% of each ship's property limitation fund under 1976 Limitation Convention). Nevertheless many shipowners felt that this new cap on their potential catastrophe call had been set still too high, while others resisted any reduction in the figure established by the compromise. In the Meantime, the European Commission issued a Statement of Objections in June 1997, in which it indicated its objections with a compulsory single limit common th all the Group clubs as high as the 1997 compromise. Eventually the board of all the Group clubs decided that the figure of 20% of the Limitation Convention per ship property funds should be dropped down to 2.5% from 20 February 1999.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.555-562
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• 2005

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are becoming the most common type of markers used in genetic analysis. In the present report a SNP has been chosen to test the applicability of Real Time PCR to discriminate and quantify SNPs alleles on DNA pools. Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) and Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay (MAMA) has been applied. Each assay has been pre-validated testing specificity and performances (linearity, PCR efficiency, interference limit, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision and accuracy). Both the approaches achieve a precise and accurate estimation of the allele frequencies on pooled DNA samples in the range from 5% to 95% and don't require standard curves or calibrators. The lowest measurement that could be significantly distinguished from the background noise has been determined around the 1% for both the approaches, allowing to extend the range of quantifications from 1% to 99%. Furthermore applicability of Real Time PCR assays for general diagnostic purposes is discussed.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.968-979
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• 2019

Recently, there has been increased interest in the study of multiphase machines due to their higher fault-tolerant capability when compared to their conventional three-phase counterparts. For six-phase machines, stator windings configured with a single isolated neutral (1N) provide significantly more post-fault torque/power than two isolated neutrals (2N). Hence, this configuration is preferred in applications where post-fault performance is critical. It is well known that min-max injection has been commonly used for three-phase and multiphase machines in healthy condition to maximize the modulation limit. However, there is a lack of discussion on min-max injection for post-fault condition. Furthermore, the effects in terms of the common-mode voltage (CMV) in modulating signals has not been discussed. This paper investigates the effect of min-max injection in post fault-tolerant control on the voltage and speed limit of a symmetrical six-phase induction machine with single isolated neutral. It is shown that the min-max injection can minimize the amplitude of reference voltage, which maximizes the modulation index and post-fault speed of the machine. This in turn results in a higher post-fault power.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2017

Vendor Managed Inventory is a well-known vendor-retailer coordination approach in supply chain management where the vendor manages inventory of the retailer and determines the order interval and order quantity for the retailer. To consider practical situation, the upper limit of inventory for the retailer is set. If the inventory level for the retailer exceeds the upper limit, then the penalty cost is charged to the retailer. Furthermore, maximum allowable inventory level is set for the vendor to prevent the vendor from keeping much inventory. Single-vendor multi-retailer supply chain model with upper limit of inventory for vendor and retailers is studied. All the retailers' are assumed to have the common cycle time, and a vendor manages retailers' inventory and replenishes products. The mathematical formulation is introduced to minimize the total cost including the penalty cost violating the upper limit of inventory for retailers with the constraint of maximum allowable inventory level. The solution procedure based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions is derived. KKT conditions are often applied to find an optimal solution of nonlinear programming problem with constraints. An illustrative example is used to show the application of the proposed solution procedure. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is done to find out the relationship between maximum allowable inventory level and other values such as order quantity, the number of shipment, vendor's cost, retailer's cost, and total cost. As maximum allowable inventory level decreases, the number of shipment decreases but total cost increases. Order quantity has the trend of decline and is affected by the number of shipment.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2019

Currently many companies are interested in reduction of the carbon emissions associated with their supply chain activities such as transportation and operations. Operational decisions, such as modifications in order quantities could an effective way in reducing carbon emissions in the supply chain. Cap-and-trade regulation, sometimes called emissions trading, is a market-based tool to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Under cap-and-trade regulation, emission credits are allocated to the firms and the firms trades emissions under cap-and-trade schemes. In this paper, we propose a single-manufacturer single-buyer two-echelon supply chain problem under the cap-and-trade mechanism incorporating the carbon emissions caused by transportation and warehousing activities where a single manufacturer produces a family of items in order to deliver a family of items to a single buyer at a fixed interval of time for effective implementation of Just-In-Time (JIT) Purchasing. An integrated multi-product lot-splitting model of facilitating multiple shipments in small lots between buyer and manufacturer is developed in a JIT Purchasing environment. Also, an iterative heuristic algorithm is developed to derive the common order interval, the number of intervals for each product and the number of shipments between the buyer and the manufacturer during the common interval. A numerical example is given to illustrate the savings in reduction of total cost and carbon emissions by the inventory model incorporating cap-and-trade mechanism compared to the classical inventory model. The proposed inventory model could be useful for the practical solution of two-echelon supply chain inventory problem under cap-and-trade mechanism.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.124.1-124.1
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• 2010

The impurities in the methanol fuel that is used for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) could greatly affect the performance of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). The most common impurities in the commercial methanol fuel are mainly ethanol, acetone, acetaldehyde, or ammonia. In this study, the effect of impurities in methanol fuel was investigated on the performance of MEA. The MEA for DMFC were prepared using a semi-automatic bar-coating machine, which can prepare the catalyst layer with uniform thickness for MEA. As a result, a single cell supplied with one of the 6 different kinds of methanol fuels showed a significant degradation of the fuel cell performance. The most common impurities in the commercial methanol fuel is mainly ethanol, acetone, acetaldehyde, or ammonia. The effects of the kind and the concentration of impurities in the methanol fuels were investigated on the performance of MEA for DMFC. We will propose the optimum compositions and limit concentration of impurities in methanol fuel for high performance of MEA for DMFC.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.745-752
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• 2015

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common mycobacterial infection in developing countries, requiring a rapid, accurate, and well-differentiated detection/diagnosis. For the rapid detection and discrimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) from non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), a novel, simple, and primer-combined single-step multiplex PCR using three primer pairs (6110F-6110R, 1081F-1081R, and 23SF-23SR; annealing on each of IS6110, IS1081, and 23S rDNA targets), hereafter referred to as a triplex PCR, has been developed and evaluated. The expected product for IS6110 is 416 bp, for IS1081 is 300 bp, and for 23S rDNA is 206 bp by single PCR, which was used to verify the specificity of primers and the identity of MTC using DNA extracted from the M. tuberculosis H37Rv reference strain (ATCC, USA) and other mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) templates. The triplex PCR assay showed 100% specificity and 96% sensitivity; the limit of detection for mycobacteria was ~100 fg; and it failed to amplify any target from DNA of MOTT (50 samples tested). Of 307 blinded clinical samples, overall 205 positive M. tuberculosis samples were detected by single PCR, 142 by conventional culture, and 90 by AFB smear methods. Remarkably, the triplex PCR could subsequently detect 55 positive M. tuberculosis from 165 culture-negative and 115 from 217 AFB smear-negative samples. The triplex PCR, targeting three regions in the M. tuberculosis genome, has proved to be an efficient tool for increasing positive detection/discrimination of this bacterium from clinical samples.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.137-154
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• 1997

한계상태설계법상에서 말뚝기초는 상부구조물의 안정성과 공용성에 근거하여 지지력과 침하 량을 만족하도록 설계되어야한다. 본 논문에서는 공용성을 검토하기위해 과압밀된 점토지반에 위치한 9본의 군말뚝과 2본의 단말뚝에 대하여 실무에서 많이 이용되고 있는 예측식과 현장에서 수행한 피조콘 자료를 이용하여 침하량을 산정했다. 지반에 따라 공간적으로 변화하는 탄성계수가 침하예측에 미치는 영향을 간략히 조사했다. 예측방법으로는 단순탄성론적 예측식 인 베직법 (Vesic's method)과 풀러스법 (Poulos'B method)을 이용했으며 산정된 침하량을 실지 말뚝재하실험을 통해서 계측한 것과 비교한 결과 대부분 과다하게 예측했고 지반의 탄성계수를 직선적으로 가정한 같파는 침하계산에 큰 영향은 미치지 않는 것으로 판단되었다.