• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2010

The evaluation of organic matters and nutrients removal was investigated for the synthetic wastewater and the high strength of dairy wastewater. Two different systems were performed for this research. System A composing of a single RBC with tapered aeration was fed with the synthetic wastewater for 74 days with 173L/day of influent, 200% of internal return and 100% of sludge return for the period 1 and 2. The feed conditions were maintained 346L/day of influent, 50% of internal return and sludge return for the period 3. The dairy wastewater was introduced to evaluate treatment efficiency for system B composing of dual RBCs and tapered aeration tanks for 50 days of experimental run time, in which hydraulic rates were maintained at the constant ratios of 346L/day, 50% of internal return and 50% of sludge return. The spiral string media made of nylon fibre was attached by Bacillus sp. in RBC for both systems. The specific area of string media was $1.4m^2$/m and biomass was maintained at the concentrations of 23g/m. The synthetic wastewater was supplied by 1,800mg/L of glucose, 500mg/L of $NH_4Cl$, and 500mg/L of $KH_2PO_4$ to system A. The dairy wastewater was supplied to system B from dairy production plant. The average influent concentrations were 1,334mg/L of BOD, 2,014mg/L of CODcr, 160mg/L of T-N, and 12mg/L of T-P in system A. The average influent concentrations of parameters were 1,006 mg/L for BOD, 1,875mg/L for $COD_{cr}$, 51.6mg/L for T-N and 8.9mg/L for T-P in system B. Results indicated that removal efficiencies of BOD and $COD_{cr}$ were more than 90% however, the removal efficiency of T-N was 87%, and that of T-P was 82% for system A. Removal efficiencies were 98.5% of BOD, 91.3% of nitrogen and 89% of phosphorus for system B. The removal efficiencies of organic matters, T-N and T-P were higher in system B than in system A. The effluent quality issued by the stringent national legislations for the discharge of the high strength of dairy products wastewater can be improved using sequential RBCsand tapered aeration reactors rather than a single RBC and tapered aeration reactors with Bacillus sp.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1984

To evaluate the clinical significance of serum tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) levels in patients with malignancy, serum TP A levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 49 normal controls, 9 patients of postoperative colon cancer without recurrence and 68 patients with various untreated malignancy, who visited Seoul National University Hospital from February, 1983 to September, 1983. The results were as follows; 1) Serum TPA levels in 49 normal controls were in the range of 22-135 U/L $(74{\pm}28U/L,\;mean{\pm}S.D.)$. There was no sex or age difference. Normal upper limit of serum TPA was defined as 130 U/L (mean+2S.D.). 2) Serum TPA levels in 68 patients with various untreated malignancy (stomach cancer 33 cases, colon cancer 11 cases, lung cancer 10 cases, primary liver cancer 9 cases and metastatic cancer of unknown primary site 5 cases) were in the range of 10-800 U/L $(189{\pm}170U/L,\;mean{\pm}S.D.)$ and significantly elevated, compared with those of normal controls (p<0.005). 3) The sensitivities of serum TPA in various untreated malignancy were 39% in stomach cancer, 55% in colon cancer, 50% in lung cancer, 67% in primary liver cancer and 80% in metastatic cancer of unknown primary site respectively. 4) The sensitivities of serum TPA related to resectability in stomach and colon cancer were 32% in resectable stomach cancer, 50% in unresectable stomach cancer, 29% in resectable colon cancer and 100% in unresectable colon cancer respectively. 5) The mean value of serum TPA levels in 9 patients of postoperative colon cancer without recurrence was $70{\pm}39U/L$ and significantly decreased, compared with that of untreated colon cancer, $180{\pm}150U/L$ U/L (p<0.05). 6) In patients with stomach or colon cancer, there was no significant correlation between serum TP A and serum CEA levels, but simultaneous measurement of serum TPA and serum CEA levels increased sensitivities. From above results, we concluded that serum TPA level is a useful indicator reflecting tumor activity and responses to anticancer treatment in patients with malignancy.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1998.10b
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• pp.113-113
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• 1998

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae UV irradiation and a variety of chemical DNA -damaging agents induce the transcription of specific genes, including several involved in DNA repair. One of the best characterized of DNA -damage inducible genes is PHRI, which encodes the apoenzyme for DNA photolyase. Basal-level and damage-induced expression of PHRI require an upstream activation sequence, UASPHRI. Here we report the identification of the UlvIE6 gene of S. cerevisiae as a regulator of UASPHRl activity. Surprisingly, the effect of deletion of UME6 is growth phase dependent. In wild-type cells PHRI is induced in late exponential phase, concomitant with the initiation of glycogen accumulation that precedes the diauxic shift. Deletion of UNIE6 abolishes this induction, decreases the steady-state concentration of photolyase molecules and PHRI mRNA, and increases the UV sensitivity of a rad2 mutant. The results suggest that UM E6 contributes to the regulated expression of a subset of damage-responsive genes in yeast. Furthermore, the upstream repression sequence, URSPHRI, is required for repression and damage-induced expression of PHRl. Here we show identification of YER169W and YDR096W as putative regulators acting through $URS_{PHRI}$. These open reading frames were designated as RPHI (YERl69W) and RPH2 (YDR096W) indicating regulator of PHRI. Simultaneous disruption of both genes showed a synergistic effect, producing a four-fold increase in basal level expression and a similar decrease m the induction ratio following treatment of methyl methanesulfonate(MMS). Mutation of the sequence ($AG_4$) bound by Rphlp rendered the promoter of PHRI insensitive to changes in RPHI or RPH2 status. The data suggest that RPHI and RPH2 act as damage-responsive negative regulators of PHRI. Surprisingly, the sequence bound by Rphlp in vitro is found to be $AG_4$ which is identical to the consensus binding site for the regulators Msn2p and Msn4p involved in stress-induced expression. Deletion of MSN2 and MSN4 has little effect on the induction$.$ ratio following DNA damage. However, all deletions led to a significant decrease in basal-level and induced expression of PHRI. These results imply that MSN2 and MSN4 are positive regulators of P HRI but are not required for DNA damage repression. [Supported by grant from NIH]om NIH]

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.339-349
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• 2020

Objectives : Wiryeong-tang (WRT) is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat kidney-related diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory and anti-gastritis effect of Wiryeong-tang was not well known. Therefore, we experimented to confirmed the anti-inflammatory and anti-gastritis effects of Wiryeong-tang. Methods : The RAW 264.7 cells were pre treated with Wiryeong-tang mix soft extract (WRT-mse; 50, 100 and 200 ㎍/mL) for 1 hrs, and then incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 500 ng/mL). Cell viability was measured by the MTT method, and nitric oxide (NO) was measured with griess reagent. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For anti-gastritis effect in vivo, acute gastritis was induced using 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol used ICR mice. WRT-mse (133 mg/kg) was pre treated for 3 days and then treated with 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol 1 hrs later. Then gastritis was observed and inflammatory cytokines in the gastric tissue was measured. Results : The 8 marker components of the WRT-mse were determined by simultaneous analysis using HPLC. WRT-mse was not toxic and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α at NO production, protein and mRNA levels. Also, it was confirmed that WRT-mse improved bleeding and edema in gastritis, and suppresses inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion : In summary, our results suggest that the treatment of the WRT-mse reduced and improved the 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol induced acute gastritis and the inflammation caused by LPS stimulation in RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, this study may provide useful drug or clinical evidence for WRT-mse to prevent inflammation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1170-1178
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• 2008

The cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPGs) prostaglandin $A_1$ ($PGA_1$) and 15-deoxy-${\Delta}^{12,14}$-prostaglandin $J_2$ (15d-$PGJ_2$) have been reported to exhibit antiinflammatory activity in activated monocytes/macrophages. However, the effects of these two cyPGs on the expression of cytokine genes may differ. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of $PGA_1$ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inter leu kin (IL)-10 mRNA in mouse peritoneal macrophages. 15d-$PGJ_2$ inhibited expression of LPS-induced IL-10, whereas $PGA_1$ increased LPS-induced IL-10 expression. This synergistic effect of $PGA_1$ on LPS-induced IL-10 expression reached a maximum as early as 2 h after simultaneous $PGA_1$ and LPS treatment ($PGA_1$/LPS), and did not require new protein synthesis. The synergistic effect of $PGA_1$ was inhibited by GW9662, a specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}(PPAR{\gamma})$ antagonist, and Bay-11-7082, a NF-${\kappa}B$ inhibitor. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) inhibitor PD98059 increased the expression of $PGA_1$/LPS-induced IL-10 mRNA, rather than inhibiting the IL-10 expression. Moreover, $PGA_1$ inhibited LPS-induced ERK phosphorylation. The synergistic effect of $PGA_1$ on LPS-induced IL-10 mRNA and protein production was inhibited by p38 inhibitor PD169316, and $PGA_1$ increased LPS-induced p38 phosphorylation. In the case of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun $NH_2$-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), the SAPK/JNK inhibitor SP600125 did not inhibit IL-10 mRNA synthesis but inhibited the production of IL-10 protein remarkably. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of $PGA_1$ on LPS-induced IL-10 expression is NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent and mediated by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, p38, and SAPK/JNK signaling pathways, and also associated with the $PPAR{\gamma}$ pathway. Our data may provide more insight into the diverse mechanisms of $PGA_1$ effects on the expression of cytokine genes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2002

The combined action of two factors on organisms can be either antagonistic, non-effective, additive or synergistic. Although synergism is of biological importance, the common features of synergistic interaction between harmful environmental factors are largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to establish general rules describing the response of various organisms to the combined action of heat with another inactivating agent. Synergistic interaction due to the simultaneous treatment of hyperthermia with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation has been analyzed using the experimental data mainly obtained with yeast cells. In addition, the results reported by others for viruses, bacterial spores, cultured mammalian cells, plants and animals were also analyzed to check the regularities revealed. The common rules of the synergistic interaction obtained in this study can be summarized as follows. For any constant rate of exposure, the synergy can be observed only within a certain temperature range. An increase in exposure rate resulted in an increase of this specific temperature and vice versa. For a constant temperature at which the irradiation occurs, synergy can be observed within a certain dose rate range. As the exposure temperature is reduced, the optimal intensity decreases and vice versa. A new conception taken into consideration those regularities can make a clue for environmental disaster preventive analysis of the synergy of radiation with the other factor.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2007

Purpose: Digital medical image commenced with an introduction of PACS has become more popular today in the radiation diagnosis and medical treatment and made great progress, in particular, for medical testing field, whereas it has made slow progress for radiation therapy area. In order to accommodate the current trend of digital from analog, a spherical type mechanical check device (SMCD) that is form of spherical differing from the existing form of flat or cube has been designed and tested its practicability to replace the part in mechanical check with digital image from QA operation. Materials and Methods: If the distance maintains constant between source(target) and image detector with constant distance to the center of spherical type mechanical check device(SMCD), the size will be shown as a constant image at all times regardless of its direction exposed. For the test, two accurate hemispheres are made and put together which results in a sphere of the equilateral circle. Results: It enables a variety of implementation of the existing mechanical check using digital image as follows: congruity level of radiation field and light field, size accuracy of radiation field and collimation field, gantry rotation isocenter check, collimation rotation isocenter check, room laser accuracy check, collimation rotation angle check, couch rotation angle check, and more. Conclusion: It has proved its practicability in checking isocenter congruity level as real time at the time of simultaneous rotation between gantry and couch that is applied to the non-coplanar field, which had been hard to apply as a device formed of existing flat or cube.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.775-780
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• 2009

The efficacy of nitrifying sludge existed in biological nutrient removal process was examined for possible removal of endocrine disrupting chemical(EDC) in the effluent of wastewater treatment plant. Some of ammonia oxidizing bacteria causes ammonia oxidation mediated by ammonia monooxygenase(AMO) activity, which has low substrate specificity resulting in cometablic degradation of several chemicals. In this study, the removal of three model EDCs such as bisphenol A(BPA), nonylphenol(NP) and dibutyl phthalate(DBP) was studied in batch cultures using nitrifying sludge, BOD-oxidizing sludge with low nitrifying activity, and sterilized sludge. Nitrifying sludge showed higher initial removal rates in all batches of three EDCs when it was fed with ammonium as an energy source. The acclimation time was required for the removal of EDCs in batches using BOD-oxidizing sludge or nitritefed nitrifying sludge. That retardation seemed to attribute to the slow growth of cells using the EDCs while ammonium-fed nitrifying sludge could degrade EDCs through simultaneous cooxidation with ammonia oxidation. Sterilized sludge was also tested under the same conditions in order to find the contribution of physical adsorption to the removal of EDCs. About 10~20% of initial EDCs dose was removed when using sterilized sludge. Thus the biological activity is likely to play major role for the degradation of BPA, NP, and DBP rather than the physical adsorption from wastewater.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.327-338
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• 2012

Liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin are the major flavonoids present in licorice. These flavonoid compounds were prepared by submerged culture of Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa) HB0071 mycelia producing ${\beta}$-glucosidase in the aqueous extract of licorice. The contents of liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin were increased during the fermentation. This fungus produced a high ${\beta}$-glucosidase (activity of 91.5 mU/mL), thereby achieving high amounts of liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin ($568.5{\mu}g/mL$ and $89.6{\mu}g/mL$), respectively at 96 h. A reversed- phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was established for simultaneous determination of liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin in fermented licorice extract (FLEx). The anti-inflammatory activities were investigated by licorice extract (LEx) before and after fermentation with G. frondosa HB0071. The treatment of UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes with FLEx resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the expression level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA. Furthermore, FLEx dose-dependently decreased mRNA of the pro-inflammatory cytokines of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. These results suggest that FLEx may mitigate the effects of skin inflammation by reducing UVB-induced adverse skin reactions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.543-548
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• 1999

Background: These days, lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is used as an alternative or a bridge operation to lung transplantation in treating patients with severe emphysema. The procedure can be used in patients with pulmonary nodules combined with severe emphysema. We report the results of 21 months follow up after lung volume reduction surgery in 7 cases including 2 cases of concurrent resection of pulmonary nodules. Material and Method: Seven patients with emphysema, including 2 cases of preoperatively suspected lung cancer were operated with LVRS technique between July 1996 and June 1997. Result: Postoperative mortality was observed in a case of squamous cell carcinoma in LUL with brain metastasis, detected at postoperative 13months. Average of 21months(19-25months) follow up was done for other cases without specific events. Conclusion: LVRS is a useful operation in the treatment of patients with severe emphysema, but further evaluation should be done about the long term results and precise criteria for patient selection. Simultaneous LVRS and tumor resection could be done in patients with emphysema with marginal reserve in the hope of maximizing postoperative lung functions.