• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2000

We have constructed a recombinant baculovirus, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria, and transferred it into the domestic silkworm Bombyx mori larvae for the production of visible transgenic silkworm of living organism. When one day-old fifth instar female larvae were injected with the recombinant AcNPV of 1x10$^{5}$ plaque forming units, the bright glow of GFP was detected in the recombinant AcNPV-infected larvae and in the newly hatched larvae of the next generation. Our findings demonstrate that the viral replication was detected in the silkworm treated with the recombinant ACNPV and the gfp gene was expressed under the transcriptional control of the polyhedrin gene promoter, Furthermore, the gfp gene was transmitted to the next generation, suggesting that this system can be applied for the development of transgenic silkworms.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2020

Vermicompost, manure, compost and organic fertilization are ecofriendly. Nowadays, many products resulted from sericulture consumed by humans such as mulberry leaves, fruits, mulberry tea, silk and natural silk cosmetics. Soil applications of three treatments with vermicompost (0.5, 1 and 2 tons per 0.42 hectare) and recommended rate of mineral fertilizers of nitrogen phosphorus potassium were used for investigation. Impact of fertilization on mulberry plant traits of moisture, number of shoots/tree, total shoots length/tree, number of leaves/shoot, number of leaves/ (100g), leaf yield/tree and leaf yield of fadden/season were recorded. In addition the effect of fertilization on larval and cocoon characters of young instar duration, fifth instar duration, total larval duration, larval mortality percentage, weight of third instar larvae, weight of fourth instar larvae, weight of fifth instar larvae, fresh cocoon weight, fresh shell weight, pupae weight, cocoon shell ratio, silk productivity, cocooning percentage, pupation ratio, number of cocoons/ liter, crop cocoons by number, crop cocoons by weight, fecundity and fertility. Using vermicompost treatment was enhancing plant characters. Treatments of V₃, V₂ and V₁ were shortage young, fifth and larvae durations. Mostly feeding silkworm during the whole larval duration on treated mulberry leaves with vermicompost improving the traits average. Using vermicompost for fertilization by rate of V₃ and V₂ is better than others for cocoon characters for females and males.V₃ and V₂ of vermicompost per 0.42 hectare is recommended for rearing mulberry silkworm instead of mineral fertilization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.706-711
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• 1992

Silkworm larvae protein concentrate was partially hydrolyzed at $50^{\circ}C$ by papain at pH 2.0 and pepsin at pH 7.0 for 10min and 60min and the effect of enzymatic modification on the functional properties of silkworm larvae protein concentrate was examined. The degrees of hydrolysis measured by TCA-soluble nitrogen content were 10.2% and 19.2% when hydrolyzed by pepsin for 10min and 60min. The nitrogen solubility in water and 0.03M $CaCl_2$ was increased with increasing the degree of hydrolysis, and bulk density, water and oil absorption were also enhanced by enzymatic hydrolysis when compared with the control.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2006

The efficacy of wood ash from Terminalia arjuna (arjun) and T. tomentosa (asan) has been tested against virosis of tasar silkworm, Antheraea. mylitta D. The Polyhedral Occlusion Bodies (POBs) of Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus of A. mylitta (AmCPV) were exposed to the aqueous solution (0.5 to 4%) of wood ash for 5 to 30 minutes. The treated suspension of POBs was orally inoculated once to tasar silkworm larvae after 24 hours of $1^{st}$ moult, and larvae reared in indoor on arjun leaves till spinning. The application of aqueous solution of wood ash has established its potential as antiviral agent against cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. Two percent aqueous solution of wood ash from arjun and asan dissolved the Polyhedral Occlusion Bodies (POBs) of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of tasar silkworm and inactivated the virions within a short period of 20 to 30 minutes. In vivo efficacy of aqueous solution of wood ash resulted in reduction of larval mortality due to virosis. The mortality was reduced to $2.56{\pm}0.21\;and\;3.03{\pm}0.32%$ when treatment of 2.0% solution of wood ash of arjun and asan respectively were applied for 20 minutes, compared to inoculated control $(92.18{\pm}7.52%)$. No mortality was recorded when treatment of 2.5% solution of wood ash of arjun and asan were applied for 10 minutes or more.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

The Indian golden muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer is an economically important wild silkworm endemic to Northeastern part of India. In recent years, climate change has posed a threat to muga silk production due to the requirement that larvae be reared outdoors. Since the muga silkworm larvae are exposed to the vagaries of nature, the changing climate has increased the incidence of microbial diseases in the rearing fields. Accurate diagnosis of the disease causing pathogens and its associated epidemiology are prerequisites to manage the diseases in the rearing field. Although conventional microbial culturing methods are widely used to identify pathogenic bacteria, they would not provide meaningful information on a wide variety of silkworm pathogens. The information on use of molecular diagnostic tools in detection of microbial pathogens of wild silk moths is very limited. A wide range of molecular and immunodiagnostic techniques including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), random amplified polymorphism (RAPD), 16S rRNA/ITSA gene sequencing, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunofluorescence, and repetitive-element PCR (Rep-PCR), have been used for detecting and characterizing the pathogens of insects with economic significance. Nevertheless, the application of these molecular tools for detecting and typing entomopathogens in surveillance studies of muga silkworm rearing is very limited. Here, we discuss the possible application of these molecular techniques, their advantages and major limitations. These methods show promise in better management of diseases in muga ecosystem.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.79-81
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• 1976

Experiments on the disinfection of the silkworm larvae by the application of Neo-PPS fumigation have been carried out for the control of virus diseases. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The disinfection of 2, 4 and 6 hours'fumigation with Neo-PPS (para-formaldehyde) showed an outstanding effect on the inactivation of the both viruses, nuclear polyhedrosis virus and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, without significance in the 2. 4. and 6 hours' treatment.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 2006

As the Selenium is known to be growth promoter in sheep and cattle, the efficacy of selenium has been tested in silkworm Bombyx mori L. The V instar larvae were fed with lethal and sub-lethal doses of selenium treated leaves. The larvae fed with lethal dose showed a significant decrease in growth and Cocoon commercial characters. The treatment with sub lethal dose exhibited a significant increase in the growth of the silkworm. Correspondingly, the cocoon commercial characters on exposure to the lethal dose showed significant decrease and sub lethal dose showed a significant increase. In the light of similar findings reported earlier in other cocoon crops and vertebrates, it can be inferred that selenium at lower doses acts as a growth stimulator, resulting in the higher yield of cocoon crop.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 2021

High blood cholesterol levels and oxidized cholesterol are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which displays high annual incidence. Although studies on sericulture products, including pupae, silk protein, and blood lymph, as hypocholesterolemic substances have been reported, insufficient research in this field has been focused on silkworm larvae. Six larval extracts (Low temperature distilled water, LW; hot temperature distilled water, HW; and 30-100% ethanol, E30-E100) were prepared, and their effects on cholesterol metabolism were examined. LW most potently reduced the risk of cholesterol-related disorders. Polyphenols were highly represented in LW, corresponding with its increased antioxidant potency. The cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) was strongly inhibited by LW. Hepatocytes over-expressed LDL receptor (LDLR) after LW stimulation, promoting cholesterol elimination from plasma. LW also increased ATP binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) gene expression, upregulating HDL biogenesis. In conclusion, LW exhibited strong antioxidant activity, suppressed cholesterol biosynthesis, improved LDL uptake from plasma, and upregulated HDL biosynthesis. In aggregate, these activities could reduce blood cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2002

Cocoon production, which is a representative of traditional sericulture shifted into silkworm powder production in the spring of 1995. This, infect, signifies the change from the dress-centered textile business to the bio-industry and the functional resource industry. One of the most outstanding shifting is utilization of silkworm larvae for anti-diabetic agent. In Asian countries including Korea, silkworm powder derived from the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) has long been favored for anti-diabetic agent, but its efficacy was not tested until last decade by modern scientific methods. In this article, we reviewed the major researches on the silkworm powder as a blood glucose-lowering substance. After the beginning test of the efficacy of silkworm powder by a cooperative research between Department of Sericulture and Entomlogy, NIAST, RDA and Kyung Hee University, substantial data have been accumulated so far, In a serial experiment to select best condition, the fifth instar larvae prepared by freeze dry method turned out to have the best blood glucose-lowering effect. In the pharmacological experiment to understand the mechanism of silkworm powder in small intestine, the silkworm powder turned out to inhibit the activity of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, by competitively binding to $\alpha$-type disaccharides. The animal experiment showed that the extract of silkworm powder prevents a rapid increase of blood glucose level after meal and prevents hunger and law blood glucose level during empty stomach. In the experiment to isolate the major component of silkworm powder, which exerts blood glucose-lowering effect, 1-deoxynojirimy-cin (DNJ) was eventually mass-purified, and it turned out that DNJ isolated from silkworm powder was excellent in its blood glucose-lowering effect. In the experiment to understand the personal difference of the efficacy of the silkworm powder, clinical candidates were divided on the basis of the criterion of traditional Chinese medicine: Tae-Yang, Tae-Um, So-yang, and So-Um. The result showed that silkworm powder has a tendency to reduce blood glucose level at fasting and at 2 hours after meal, and this trend was somewhat obvious in the Tae-Um body type. In summary, we reviewed scientific papers on the efficacy of silkworm powder and its purified DNJ as a blood glucose-lowering agent. These suggest that silkworm powder truly possesses blood glucose-lowering effect as documented in the traditional Chinese medicine, although further researches will be required to develop them as "medical" resource instead of functional food.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1992

Effects of starvation, ligation, refeeding and methoprene treatment in the feeding phase of the fifth instar larvae of Bombyx mori on the regulation of juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) activity were investigated. Starvation and ligation contributed to the reduction of JHE activity, however, JHE levels in starved larvae were slightly higher than in legated larvae. Haemolymph JEH activity of starved larvae was increased by refeeding, and duration of increasing time of JHE activity after starvation was related to duration of starvation. When starved larvae were applied methoprene topically, JHE activity were not changed at day 0 and 1, but were increased by 1.3-1.4 times between day 2 and 5. When ligated larvae were applied methoprene topically, JHE activity was not changed at day 0, but were increased by 1.9-2.3 times between day 1 and 5. These results suggest that head factor, juvenile hormone(JH) and nutrient are major factors in the regulation of JHE in the feeding phase of the fifth instar larvae of Bombyx mori. Especially JHE might be regulated by the co-operative action of head factor and JH. However, head factor plays important role in the early stage, while JH plays important role thereafter.