• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.1379-1389
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• 2022

Objective: This study identified the major lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from different fermented total mixed rations (FTMRs) via metataxonomic analysis and evaluated the ability of their standard strain as ensiling inoculants for corn stover silage. Methods: The bacterial composition of eight FTMRs were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Corn stover was ensiled without LAB inoculation (control) or with 1×10⁶ cfu/g LAB standard strain (Lactobacillus vaginalis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus helveticus, or Lactobacillus paralimentarius) selected from the FTMRs or 10 g/t commercial silage inoculant (CSI) around 25℃ for 56 days. For each inoculation, a portion of the silage was sampled to analyze ensiling characteristics at time intervals of 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, gas production (GP), microbial crude protein and volatile fatty acids as the measurements of rumen fermentation characteristics were evaluated in vitro with the silages of 56 days after 72 h incubation. Results: Lactobacillus covered >85% relative abundance of all FTMRs, in which L. pontis, L. vaginalis, L. reuteri, L. helveticus, and L. paralimentarius showed >4% in specific FTMRs. CSI, L. helveticus, and L. paralimentarius accelerated the decline of silage pH. Silage inoculated with L. paralimentarius and CSI produced more lactic acid the early 14 days. Silage inoculated with L. paralimentarius produced less acetic acid and butyric acid. For the in vitro rumen fermentation, silage inoculated with CSI produced more potential GP, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid; silage inoculated with L. helveticus produced more potential GP and isovaleric acid, silage inoculated with L. paralimentarius or L. reuteri produced more potential GP only. Conclusion: The standard strain L. paralimentarius (DSM 13238) is a promising ensiling inoculant for corn stover silage. The findings provide clues on strategies to select LAB to improve the quality of silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.516-522
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• 2016

We investigated the effects of the predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing soybean curd residue (SC-TMR silage). The SC-TMR materials were ensiled in laboratory silos for 14 or 56 days. LAB predominant in SC-TMR silage were identified (Exp. 1). Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) and Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) were found in the untreated materials, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (L. pseudomesenteroides) in 14-day silage and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) in all silages. Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici), Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei), and Lactobacillus brevis (L. brevis) formed more than 90% of the isolates in 56- day silage. Italian ryegrass and whole crop maize were inoculated with P. acidilactici and L. brevis isolates and the fermentation and aerobic stability determined (Exp. 2). Inoculation with P. acidilactici and L. brevis alone or combined improved the fermentation products in ryegrass silage and markedly enhanced its aerobic stability. In maize silage, P. acidilactici and L. brevis inoculation caused no changes and suppressed deterioration when combined with increases in acetic acid content. The results indicate that P. acidilactici and L. brevis may produce a synergistic effect to inhibit SC-TMR silage deterioration. Further studies are needed to identify the inhibitory substances, which may be useful for developing potential antifungal agents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1125-1129
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• 2005

A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding sugar cane silage compared to chopped whole sugar cane or grass silage on performances of lactating dairy cows during the dry season. Twenty four Holstein Friesian crossbred (>87.5% Holstein Friesian) lactating dairy cows in mid lactation; averaging 15.4${\pm}$3.2 kg of milk, 120${\pm}$23 days in milk, 50.5${\pm}$6.5 months old and 432${\pm}$39 kg live weight, were stratified for milk yield, days in milk, age, stage of lactation and body weight, and then randomly allocated to three treatment groups (8 cows in each group). All cows were fed 7.5 kg/d commercial concentrate plus ad libitum roughage according to treatment groups, which were grass silage, sugar cane silage or chopped whole sugar cane respectively. All cows consumed similar DM and produced similar milk and milk composition yields. However, cows on grass silage lost more weight than the other cows. The present study indicated that, during the dry season, sugar cane silage can be fed to lactating dairy cows, while giving similar milk yield to grass silage or chopped whole sugar cane.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.33-37
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• 1992

Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) harvested at an early growth stage was ensiled with 4% of molasses in a polyethylene bag silo which contained 15 kg of chopped forage each. Dry matter (DM) content of the silage was so low as 14.75%, although chemical quality of the silage was very high. Ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen was 6.59%, and the pH value of the silage was 3.79. Nutritive value of the silage was estimated using goats and compared to that of a timothy hay as a reference ration. Feeding level of each rations was adjusted to a level of nitrogen (N) recommendation. DM and N digestibilities of the silage were 65.0 and 54.5%, respectively, but those of the timothy hay were 37.6 and 37.2%. Feeding of the napier grass silage maintained body weight and kept positive N retention. Ammonia N concentration in the rumen fluid in goats fed the napier grass silage increased after feeding, but blood urea concentration was constant. Feeding of the timothy hay did not increase ammonia N concentration in the rumen fluid, but increased blood urea concentration. These facts indicated that the napier grass silage had enough digestible DM and N for maintenance ration to goats.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.157-161
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• 1987

In order to utilize the tuber of Jerusalem artichoke (Jerusalem tuberosus L.) which has been considered one of the most economical resources for bioenergy, the tubers of the plant were processed into silage in 11 lab-silo with three levels of mixture of concentrates i.e. 10, 20, 30%. The silage was stored for 20 to 40 days before analyses. The quality of silage was compared with those of the tube-only silage without concentrates. Aproximate composition, pH, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, and organic acids were analyzed. The results obtained are summarized ; 1. With the mixture of concentrates, the water content of the silage was able to be adjusted to 70 percent and NDF significantly increased (P<0.05) while ADF significantly decreased. 2. The content of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) was significantly decreased in silages of the mixture of concentrate and the tuber (P<0.05), while total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen increased. 3. Tube-only silage gave satisfaction in fermentation, particularly organic-acid fermentation. As the storage period extended, Flieg's score of the silage was improved. Conclusively, the tuber of Jerusalem artichoke found to satisfy the requirements of good silage and to be recommended as a good resource for all-inane silage provided the tuber was ensilaged with 20 to 30 percent concentrate.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.335-340
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• 2002

Recently, in Korea, round bale wrapping silage made by fresh rice straw are partially utilized. The colors of stretch film using far wrapping the fresh rice straw round bale are white, green and black. The light transmittance of green and white color stretch film was not founded the difference. However, the light transmittance of black color stretch film was largely difference of two stretch films. This study was carried out to measure qualities of fresh rice straw wrapping silage by softening processing of fresh rice straw and colors effects of wrapping stretch film. The analyzed factors were the light transmittance of stretch film, variation of the temperature in fresh rice straw round bale and qualities of the silage in crude protein, ADF, NDF, organic acid, etc. It was difficult to find in this study the colors effects of stretch film on silage qualities by the silage wrapping. But, when make fresh rice straw wrapping silage, wrapping silage fermentation effect goes well more if handle softening the fresh rice straw.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1997

가다랭이 통조림 제조시 부산물로 대량 생산되는 내장을 유효하게 이용할 목적으로 유산균을 이용한 방법과 산첨가 방법에 따라 silage를 제조하고, 저장기간 중 성분변화를 검토한 결과, 산첨가 silage는 수분, 조지방, 조단백질 및 무기질의 함량이 유산균 발효 silage보다 높은 반면에, 탄수화물 및 다가불포화지방산 함량은 낮았다. 특히 저장기간의 경과에 따라 유산균 발효 silage의 n-3 지방산 함량의 증가가 두드러졌다. 산첨가 및 유산균 발효 silage의 주요 아미노산은 Glu, Asp, Leu, Gly 및 Ala 이었다. 산첨가 silage는 필수아미노산인 트립토판의 함량이 원료 내장에 비하여 $30\%$ 감소하였으나, 유산균 발효 silage는 $5\%$ 감소하였다. 또한 저장 기간의 경과에 따라 유산균 발효 silage의 비타민 $B_1$ 및 $B_2$ 의 함량은 증가하였으나, 산첨가 silage는 $B_1$ 함량만 미미하게 증가하였고, $B_2$는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 산첨가 silage는 회갈색을 띄고 비린내 및 젓갈냄새가 났으나, 유산균 발효 silage는 다갈색을 띄고 생성된 유기산에 의하여 산미를 나타내었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.176-179
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• 1985

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 예취시기(刈取時期)를 달리하여 조제(調製)한 silage를 이용(利用)하여 예취시기(刈取時期)와 섭취량(攝取量)이 소화율(消化率)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 대하여 검토(檢討)하였다. 목초(牧草)는 6월(月) 4일(日)(영양생장기(營養生長期)), 조기예취(早期刈取)과 6월(月) 30일(日)(출수기(出穗期), 만기예취(晩期刈取)에 예취(刈取)된 1 번초(番草)로 silage를 조제(調製)하였으며, 이 silage는 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식(自由採食)의 수준(水準)으로 면양에서 급여하였다. 예취시기(刈取時期)가 늦어짐에 따라, silage의 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 조지방함량(粗脂肪含量)은 감소(減少)하였고, 섬유질함량(纖維質含量)은 증가(增加)하였다. 건물섭취량(乾物攝取量)은 조기예취(早期刈取) silage구(區)와 만기예취(晩期刈取) silage 구간(區間)에는 유의차(有意差) (P<0.01)가 인정되었다. 조기예취(早期刈取) silage구(區)에서, 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식간(自由採食間)의 건물소화율(乾物消化率)에서는 유의차(有意差)가 없었으나, 배양상태(排養狀態)를 고려(考慮)하지 않은 무제한급여(無制限給與)에서는 현저하게 감소(減少)하였으며, hemicellulose 소화율(消化率)(P<0.05)을 제외(除外)한 성분(成分)에서는 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 한편, 만기예취(晩期刈取) silage 구(區)에서 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식간(自由採食間)에는 조단백질(粗蛋白質), NDF 및 hemicellulose 소화율(消化率)에서 유의차(有意差)(P<0.05)가 있었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로부터 예취시기(刈取時期)가 다른 목초(牧草)의 소화율(消化率)은 급여수준(給與水準)에 따라 달라지게 되므로, 조사료(粗飼料)의 사료가치(飼料價値)를 평가(評價)함에 있어서는 급여수준(給與水準)과 소화율(消化率)과의 관계를 주의깊게 고려해야 할 것이다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 1976

최근(最近)에 사료(飼料)의 요구량(要求量)이 급증(急增)되고 사료용(飼料用) 호박이 도입(導入) 재배(裁培)되므로서 호박의 사료화(飼料化)에 대(對)한 관심(關心)이 많아졌다. 이에 본시험(本試驗)은 사료용(飼料用) 호박으로 Mammoth pumpkin(C. Maxima), Queensland blue pumpkin(C. Maxima), Korean pumpkin(C. Moschata)으로 부터 밀기울을 0, 10, 20%씩 각각(各各) 첨가(添加)하면서 Silage 제조(製造) 하였으며, 제조후(製造後) 40~60일(日) 사이에 화학적(化學的) 조성분(組成分), pH, 유기산함량(有機酸含量)을 분석(分折)하고 산란계(産卵鷄)에 대(對)한 급여시험(給與試驗)을 하여 호박의 사료적(飼料的) 가치(價値) 및 이용성등(利用性等)을 조사(調査)하고 그 결과(結果)를 아래와 같이 요약(要約)하였다. 1. Silage의 수분함량(水分含量)은 재료(材料)인 호박의 수분함량(水分含量)이 Mammoth pumpkin의 경우(境遇) 약(約) 97%, Queensland pumpkin이 94%, Korean pumpkin이 91%였던 관계(關係)로 상당히 높았으며 Silige제조후(製造後) 성분변화(成分變化)는 가용무질소량(可溶無窒素量)이 약간(約間) 감소(減少)하였을 뿐, 기타(其他)의 성분(成分)은 변화(變化)가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 밀기울을 첨가(添加)하므로서 수분(水分)을 조절(調節)할 수 있었고 영양분(營養分)도 증가(增加)되었으나 이는 단지 밀기울의 성분함량(成分含量)에 좌우(左右)되었다. 또한 Silage의 성분손실량(成分損失量)은 제조후(製造後) 2주(週)에서 1개월(個月)사이에 10%정도(程度)였으며 그후(後) 약간씩 감소(減少)하여 6개월후(個月後)에는 15%정도(程度)였는데 호박을 그대로 저장(貯藏)했을 시(時)는 9월(月)부터 12월(月)사이에는 수분함량(水分含量)이 특(特)히 많은 Mammoth pumpkin을 제외(除外)하고 그 감량(減量)이 심(甚)하지 않았으나 월동(越冬)을 한 2월(月)에는 3종(種)의 호박 거의가 사료가치(飼料價値)를 상실(喪失)하였다. 2. Silage의 품질(品質) 또한 처리구간(處理區問)에는 특별(特別)한 차이(差異)가 없이 pH가 3.8~4.1, 유기산중(有機酸中) 유산(乳酸)이 2.09~2.93%였고 초산(醋酸)이 0.68~1.71%, 낙산(酪酸)은 0%로서 Flieg씨(氏) 평점법(評點法)에 의(依)하면 모두 98~100점(點)으로 양질(良質)의 Silage가 제조(製造)되었다. 3. Mammoth pumpkin silage를 산란계(産卵鷄)에 급여(給與)하여 사료섭취율(飼料攝取率), 산란율(産卵率), 난중(卵重) 및 Haugh unit등(等)을 측정(測定)한 결과(結果), 고형물기준(固形物基準)으로 Silage를 5.0%와 7.5%급여구(給與區)가 가장 좋았고 다음이 2.5%구(區)였으며 10%급여구(給與區)는 대조구(對照區)보다 떨어졌다. (P<0.01). 이는 호박 Sil-age가 신선(新鮮)하므로 기호성(嗜好性)을 증진(增進)시켰고 Vitamin등(等) 풍부(豊富)하여 산란(産卵)을 촉진(促進)시키는 것으로 사료(恩料)되나 10%이상(以上)의 급여(給與)는 양(量)이 너무 많아 효과적(效果的)인 급여(給與)가 못되는 것으로 생각된다. 4. 호박을 이용(利用)하여 양질(良質)의 Silage를 제조(製造)할 수 있었고 또한 산란계(産卵鷄)에 급여(給與)한 결과(結果) 산란율(産卵率)도 증진(增進)되었으나 수분함량(水分含量)이 너무 많은 관계(關係)로 다량(多量)의 Silage가 요구(要求)되므로 가축(家畜)의 기본사료(基本飼料)로는 적당치 않고 단지 사료가치(飼料價値)가 떨어지는 타사료(他飼料)와 혼합(混合)하여 Silage를 제조(製造) 이용(利用)하므로서 타사료(他飼料)의 기호성(嗜好性)을 향상(向上)시켜 사료가치(飼料價値)를 증진(增進)시키고 아울러 Vitamin을 공급(供給)할 수 있는 방향(方向)으로 Silage를 제조(製造) 이용(利用)함이 적당할 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1215-1221
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• 2007

Three Holstein steers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were fed grass silage-based diets supplemented with potato pulp silage as a substitute for rolled corn at levels of 0%, 50% and 100% on a DM basis in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to investigate the effect of potato pulp silage on nitrogen (N) utilization in ruminants. Organic matter (OM) intake, and rumen and total tract digestibilities did not differ among treatment diets. Rumen and post-rumen starch digestibilities were similar among treatments, although starch intake decreased (p<0.01) with potato pulp supplementation. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in ruminal N utilization and non-ammonia N supply to the duodenum of steers fed grass silage supplemented with potato pulp silage as a substitute for rolled corn. There were no treatment differences (p>0.05) in rumen pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration or the molar percentages of acetate and propionate. The ammonia-N concentration in rumen fluid tended to decrease (p<0.1) when rolled corn was substituted with potato pulp silage. Ether extract intake and post-ruminal digestibility significantly (p<0.01) decreased in steers fed diets containing potato pulp silage. Concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids in serum markedly decreased (p<0.01) with potato pulp silage supplementation without adversely affecting liver function. These data suggested that potato pulp silage has a similar value as rolled corn as an energy source for rumen microorganisms.