• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2010

Purpose: To investigate the rater reliability of a Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) for children with cerebral palsy, and to investigate possible differences among raters according to their clinical work experience and testing experience. Methods: Study participants included 18 children with spastic cerebral palsy who could walk. They were instructed by pediatric physical therapists, two of whom had ten years of clinical work experience and two who had less than one year of experience. The children's ability to achieve physical balance was videotaped for PBS items. The raters watched the tapes and evaluated each child twice. Rater reliability was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Differences between experienced and novice raters were analyzed using a paired t-test. The statistical significance level was set to 0.05. Results: The total PBS scores averaged 45.78~48.00 and 45.72~47.67 for first and second tests. Intra-rater reliability was very high (ICC=0.89~0.99), and the repeated measurement coincidence was high (p>0.05). Inter-rater reliability was high (ICC=0.83~0.84), but there was a bit of a difference in the coincidence (p<0.05). The experienced raters' reliability and coincidence were higher than those of the novices, and there were differences in reliance and coincidence between experienced and novice raters (p<0.05). Conclusion: Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability is very high. However, rater reliability showed defferences depending on clinical work experience and testing experience. When testing pediatric patients with the PBS, the rater's clinical experience and test experience may affect the test results.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2003

지난 반세기 동안 검측공 탄성파시험은 시험 장비 및 그 배치에 따라 크로스홀, 다운홀, 서스펜션로깅과 같은 시험으로 발전하였다. 이런 현장시험은 장비와 시험기법이 꾸준히 개선되어 지반 및 지진공학 분야의 부지특성규명에 매우 값진 기술이 되었다. 그러나 이 기술은, 공학적 의의와 중요성에도 불구하고, 표준관입 시험처럼 실무에 보편적으로 적용되지 못하고 있다. 그 이유는 장비가 복잡 정교할 뿐만 아니라, 사용하기 어렵고 비싸기 때문이다. 이 연구에서는 경제적이고 실용적인 지반의 동적물성치 계측 기술 개발을 목표로 하여 인홀 시험법을 연구하였다. 이 연구에서 개발한 인홀장비 시작품은 NX 크기의 검측공에 사용하고 맨손으로 다룰 정도로 작고 가볍다. 이 장비의 발진장치는 여러 현장에서 크로스홀시험을 통하여 그 성능을 검증하였고 꾸준히 개선되고 있다. 세 현장에서 인홀시험을 수행하고 그 결과를 크로스홀시험 결과와 비교하여 타당성을 검증하였다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.727-735
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• 2008

Consider a clinical trial in which the main end-point is survival. Suppose after the start of the study an intermediate event occurs which may be influenced by a covariate(or treatment). In many clinical studies the occurrence of an intermediate event may change the survival distribution. This investigation develops two-stage model which, in the first stage, models the effect of covariate on the intermediate event and models the relationship between survival time and covariate as well as the intermediate event. In this paper, the two-stage model is presented in order to model intermediate event and a test based on this model is also provided. A numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate its overall significance level.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

Investigations of biosimilarity between reference drugs and test drugs required statistical tests; in addition, statistical tests to evaluate biosimilarity have been recently proposed. Ordinal outcome data has been observed in research; however, appropriate statistical tests to deal with ordinal endpoints for biosimilar have not yet been proposed. This paper extends existing design for ordinal endpoints. Using measure of nominal-ordinal association and relative distances between drugs are defined so that testing procedures are developed. Through simulation studies, we investigate type I error rate and power to show the performance of our suggested method. Furthermore, a comparison between the statistical tests and other designs is proviede to show significance of ordinal endpoints.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.323-330
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• 2015

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth. Metabolic demands to sustain rapid proliferation must be compelling since aerobic glycolysis is the first as well as the most commonly shared characteristic of cancer. During the last decade, the significance of metabolic reprogramming of cancer has been at the center of attention. Nonetheless, despite all the knowledge gained on cancer biology, the field is not able to reach agreement on the issue of mitochondria: Are damaged mitochondria the cause for aerobic glycolysis in cancer? Warburg proposed the damaged mitochondria theory over 80 years ago; the field has been testing the theory equally long. In this review, we will discuss alterations in metabolic fluxes of cancer cells, and provide an opinion on the damaged mitochondria theory.

• 경영과학
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.115-129
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• 2012

Service Encounter employees play a crucial role in service delivery and building relationships with customers and their attitudes and behaviors towards customers determine customers' perceived service quality and satisfaction. Past research indicates that TQM managerial practices are a critical determinant of employee's attitude and performance in the workplace. Therefore, this study investigates a model examining the relationship among TQM, employees' attitude and service performance in a hospital. Our measurement results were acceptable in terms of reliability and validity. The statistical testing shows significance on the positive relationship in the sequential order of TQM, employee's attitude and service performance. In conclusion, the theoretical and practical implications of this study were discussed, along with its limitations.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.82-86
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• 2017

Chromosomal microarray (CMA) is a high-resolution, high-throughput method of identifying submicroscopic genomic copy number variations (CNVs). CMA has been established as the first-line diagnostic test for individuals with developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and multiple congenital anomalies (MCAs). CMA analysis was performed in 42 Korean patients who had been diagnosed with unexplained DD, ID, ASDs, and MCAs. Clinically relevant CNVs were discovered in 28 patients. Variants of unknown significance were detected in 13 patients. The diagnostic yield was high (66.7%). CMA is a superior diagnostic tool compared with conventional karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.619-631
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• 2014

This paper proposes new criteria to fix hidden neuron in Multilayer Perceptron Networks for wind speed prediction in renewable energy systems. To fix hidden neurons, 101 various criteria are examined based on the estimated mean squared error. The results show that proposed approach performs better in terms of testing mean squared errors. The convergence analysis is performed for the various proposed criteria. Mean squared error is used as an indicator for fixing neuron in hidden layer. The proposed criteria find solution to fix hidden neuron in neural networks. This approach is effective, accurate with minimal error than other approaches. The significance of increasing the number of hidden neurons in multilayer perceptron network is also analyzed using these criteria. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulations were conducted on real time wind data. Simulations infer that with minimum mean squared error the proposed approach can be used for wind speed prediction in renewable energy systems.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.31-50
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• 1999

We revisit the problems of testing three-factor classifica-tion models with a single observation per cell. A common approach in analyzing such nonreplicated data is to omit the highest order in-teraction and regard it as error. This paper discusses the use of a multiplicative model(See and Smith 1996 and 1998) which is applied on residuals in order to separate the variablility due to three-factor interaction from what is counted as random error. in particualr to test the significance of the interaction term we derived an approxi-mated distribution of the likelihood ratio test statistic based on the quadrilinear model known as Tucher's three-mode principal compo-nent model. The derivation utilizes the distribution of the eignevalues of the Wishart matrix.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.534-540
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• 2001

One approach to testing the suitability of an adhesive joint for a particular application is to build and test to destruct ion a representative sample of the joint. The nondestructive test will not measure strength directly but will measure a parameter which can be correlated to strength. It is therefore, essential that a suitable nondestructive test is chosen and that its results are correctly interpreted. In this paper, typical defects found in adhesive joints are described together with their significance. The limits and likely success of current physical nondestructive tests are described, and future trends outlined.