• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2021

In order to develop a safe seeding technology for low-density transplantation, we analyzed the changes in seeding growth according to different seeding rates and seeding days. We detected changes in leaf number and shoot diameter on the 10th seeding day, and in plant height on the 20th seeding day according to seeding rate. The increase in shoot and leaf number, and shoot diameter per seeding day decreased with anincrease in seeding rate. On seeding day 20, the reductions in shoot and root dry weights according to seeding rate was lower compared with those recorded at seeding day 10. Shoot dry weight was significantly related to root dry weight, plant height, and shoot diameter. With an increase in seeding rate, seeding health decreased and there was an increase in the rate of seeding health per seeding day decreased. For low-density transplantation, the optimal number of seeds required for transplanting 3-5 plants per hill is 11,000, which is estimated to be approximately 280-300 g of seeds for 22 g brown rice. Furthermore, the appropriate number of seeding days is estimated to be 13 to 16 days, which corresponds to a small reduction in seeding health.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 2003

An efficient procedure was developed for adventitious shoot bud induction and plantlet regeneration from various explants of the ten genotypes of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) using Thidiazuron (TDZ). Among various treatments at 1.0-3.0 mg/L TDZ Induced maximum number of adventitious shoots depending upon the explant type and genotype compared to other treatments. Among the explants tested, leaf induced maximum number of adventitious shoots than the cotyledons. TDZ-mediated organo-genesis was possible in 10 pepper cultivars, the extent of the response being genotype-dependent. Of the ten genotypes tested, C. annuum cvs CA960, $G_4$ and X-235 were produced maximum number of adventitious shoots and Sell was the least, and all other genotypes gave moderate response. Elongation of multiple shoots was observed on medium supplemented with SA (0.05 mg/L) in combination of IAA (0.05 mg/L). Differences in ability for in vitro shoot regeneration and elongation depend upon the variety and explant type. The elongated shoots were success. Fully rooted on MS medium containing at 1.0 mG/L IAA. Plantlets regenerated from different explants of ten genotypes were found to be diploid (2n=24) and were devoid of any chromosomal aberrations. Regenerated plants were successfully established in soil where 85-90% of them developed into morphologically normal and fertile plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 1989

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth medium in pots composed of upland soil(S), rice straw manure(M), carbonated rice hull(CRH), and their mixture on growth of tobacco cv. NC 82. The growth of shoot and root was vigorous in order of medium S+M+CRH>M>CRH>S. In M+S medium, root growth in the part of manure was superior to upland soil. But root growth of upland soil part in M+S plot was more vigorous than that in upland soil only. It is possibly due to be influenced by manure in M+S plot. Total length and weight of root, number of roots, and especially for development of adventitious root were closely related to shoot growth. Roots grown in upland soil part was brownish gray in color, while the roots in manure part was milky white. The milky white colored roots had longer life than others. It was concluded that root zone environments derived from several media in pots closely related to shoot growth and disease tolerance of tobacco plant.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.95-98
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• 1974

This experiment was undertaken with the purpose of investigating effect of gibberellin on the growth and electron microscopic ultrastructure of hop(Humulus lupulus var. Hallertau) shoot apex. The results are as follows. 1) The growth of stem in the plots treated with GA(10, 25, and 50ppm) is more predominant than control. The leaves and cones of treated plots turn to pale green. 10ppm plot of GA treatment is the most effective in growth and yield than the others. 2) Under the GA-treated condition, it is believed that the nucleoplasmic index (NP) are higher than the control, and so nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, primary cell wall, middle lamella, and etc. tends to be larger than the control. 3) Mitochondria contained in the cell of shoot apex treated with concentration of 10ppm GA was seemed to increases in number and be larger in size than the control.

• Plant Resources
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 1999

An efficient regeneration system was established by using in vitro plantlets of germinated seedlings from different cultivars of lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Chongchima, Chongchuckmyun, Jeokchima, Jeokchuckmyun). Shoot formation were observed from all cultivars on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA. In all cultivars, when cotyledon was cultured, the number of shoot per explant was more greater than that hypocotyl and leaf disc were cultured. Shoot formation rate (91.7%) was high in a cotyledon culture of cultivar, Chongchukmyun. The growth of multiple shoots derived from the cultivar, Chongchukmyun, was most effective on medium containing 0.5 mg/L BA and 1.0 mg/L GA$_3$. When shoots were transferred on MS medium without plant growth regulators, roots were effectively differentiated. Rooted plantlets were acclimated on pots for further propagation.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.260-267
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• 2016

Amino acids in the plant were intermediate metabolites which produced by uptake and assimilation of nitrogen and these extracts which gained by bio-chemical digestion from protein of plant or animal were a source of functional fertilizer. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of keratin amino acid fertilizer (KAF) gained from animal hair or hoof on changes of turfgrass quality and growth by investigating turf color index, chlorophyll index, shoot number, clipping yield, and nutrient content in the turfgrass tissue. Treatments were designed as follows; non-fertilizer (NF), compound fertilizer (CF), keratin amino acid fertilizer treatments [CF + KAF $0.26ml\;m^{-2}$ (CKF), CF + KAF $0.52ml\;m^{-2}$ (2CKF)], and only keratin amino acid fertilizer treatment (KF). Shoot number, clipping yield, and nitrogen uptake of KF were higher than those of CF. As compared with CF, soil chemical properties, turf color index, chlorophyll index and clipping yield of keratin amino acid fertilizer were not significant, but shoot number and uptake of N and K were increased significantly. These results show that the application of keratin amino acid fertilizer increased shoot number and growth by increased uptake of nitrogen and potassium.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.635-641
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• 2016

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) shoot tips grown in vitro were successfully cryopreserved by encapsulation-vitrification. Encapsulated explants are very easily manipulated, due to the relatively large size of the alginate beads, and a large number of samples can be treated simultaneously. In this study, the effects of sucrose preculture, cryoprotectant preculture, and post-warm recovery media on regrowth, following liquid nitrogen (LN) exposure, were investigated to establish an efficient encapsulation-vitrification protocol for sweet potato. Shoot tips of plants grown in vitro were precultured in 0.3 M sucrose for 2 d before encapsulation. Encapsulated shoot tips were pre-incubated in liquid MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium containing 0.5 M sucrose for 16 h, before preculturing in sucrose-enriched medium (0.7 M sucrose) for 8 h. Shoot tips were osmoprotected with 35% plant vitrification solution 3 (PVS3) for 3 h, before being dehydrated with PVS3 for 2 h at $25^{\circ}C$. The encapsulated and dehydrated shoot tips were transferred to 2 mL cryotubes, suspended in 0.5 mL PVS3, and plunged directly into liquid N. High levels of shoot formation were obtained for the cv. Yeulmi (65.7%) and Yeonwhangmi (80.3%). The regrowth rates of cryopreserved samples in Yeulmi (78.9%) and Yeonwhangmi (91.3%), following culture on ammonium-free MS medium for 5 d, were much higher than those cultured on standard MS medium (65.7% and 80.3%, respectively). This encapsulation-vitrification is a promising method for the long-term preservation of sweet potato.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 2012

This research was carried out to investigate the shoot growth characteristics and climatic factors for early harvest and stable yield by greenhouse on mulberry ($Morus$ $alba$) in Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Budbreak and coloring date of mulberry in greenhouse were earlier 18~19 days than those in field, and from bud-break to coloring was 39 days in both cultivation types. Shoot length and fruit number per shoot of mulberry in greenhouse were not significantly different with those of field, but number of node was significantly little than that of field. For 39 days in greenhouse, weekly cumulative radiation were 0.3~0.8 times. But weekly cumulative temperature was not different with that of field. And relative humidity as range of 53.0~94.5% in greenhouse was higher than that of field. Therefore, mulberry is suitable to greenhouse cultivation for early harvest and stable yield.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.197-201
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• 2004

Shoot clusters were induced from bulb scales of Lilium longiflorum 'Geogia', and proliferated on medium containing 0.5 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L IAA. Thereafter, these shoot clusters were cultured in 5 L air-lift bioreactors to form and grow normal bulblets. Number of bulblets increased on medium with 30 g/L sucrose, but growth of bulblets was effective on medium with 60 g/L sucrose. The number of bulblets from shoot clusters had no differences, though bulblet growth was very effective on medium with between full and double strength of MS salts. The inoculation of 100 g shoot clusters as a cultural material was suitable for formation and growth of bulblets in 5 L bioreactors. Air-lift type was more effective for the formation and growth of bulblets than that in ebb and flood one, and 200∼300 mL$.$min$^{-1}$ injection of air was suitable in growth of bulblets.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2007

As the zygotic embryo of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) matured during stratification over 203 days it grew from 0.75 to 5.2 mm. Embryo excision and culturing on media containing different concentrations of two growth regulators, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$, 1 to 10 ${\mu}M$) and benzyladenine (BA, 1 to 5 ${\mu}M$), during stratification, showed that shoot and root number and the shoot, root and cotyledon length increased with increased stratification time. Gibberellic acid was the more effective growth regulator for increasing shoot and root number and shoot, root and cotyledon lengths. Immature embryos (stratified for up to 63 days) needed growth regulators for further development. Cultures on $GA_3$ at the last culture date (stratified for 203 days) when embryos were mature, produced multiple shoots but there was no effect of $GA_3$ concentration. Benzyladenine inhibited shoot and root growth regardless of embryo stratification. Growth regulators had little effect on cotyledon length of mature embryos. Embryos cultured on $GA_3$ combined with BA were green on all culture dates whereas greening in the control and BA treatments increased with culture date. The BA treatments induced 100% swelling of the embryos on the final culture date while in the control and $GA_3$ treatments there was no swelling. There was little or no curling in the control and BA treatments and a linear decrease in curling with culture date in the $GA_3$ and $GA_3$ + BA treatments.