• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2020

Vermicompost, manure, compost and organic fertilization are ecofriendly. Nowadays, many products resulted from sericulture consumed by humans such as mulberry leaves, fruits, mulberry tea, silk and natural silk cosmetics. Soil applications of three treatments with vermicompost (0.5, 1 and 2 tons per 0.42 hectare) and recommended rate of mineral fertilizers of nitrogen phosphorus potassium were used for investigation. Impact of fertilization on mulberry plant traits of moisture, number of shoots/tree, total shoots length/tree, number of leaves/shoot, number of leaves/ (100g), leaf yield/tree and leaf yield of fadden/season were recorded. In addition the effect of fertilization on larval and cocoon characters of young instar duration, fifth instar duration, total larval duration, larval mortality percentage, weight of third instar larvae, weight of fourth instar larvae, weight of fifth instar larvae, fresh cocoon weight, fresh shell weight, pupae weight, cocoon shell ratio, silk productivity, cocooning percentage, pupation ratio, number of cocoons/ liter, crop cocoons by number, crop cocoons by weight, fecundity and fertility. Using vermicompost treatment was enhancing plant characters. Treatments of V₃, V₂ and V₁ were shortage young, fifth and larvae durations. Mostly feeding silkworm during the whole larval duration on treated mulberry leaves with vermicompost improving the traits average. Using vermicompost for fertilization by rate of V₃ and V₂ is better than others for cocoon characters for females and males.V₃ and V₂ of vermicompost per 0.42 hectare is recommended for rearing mulberry silkworm instead of mineral fertilization.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to determine the vegetative growth of two cool season turfgrasses during summer season in Korea. Ten respective cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass [Poapratensis L.] and perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.] were exposed to unshaded, 30% and 60% shade for 4odays. First mowing height was 7cm, and then clippings were harvested every ten days at the same height. Shading increased the total length of clippings of all cultivars of two turfgrasses, but fresh and dry weight were significantly decreased. The highest shoot length obtained at 30% shade in Kentucky bluegrass and at 60% shade in perennial ryegrass. 'Rugky', 'Sydsport', 'Wabash' and 'Baron' of Kentucky bluegrass and 'Repel', 'Omega II', 'Ovation', 'Linn', 'Bell' and 'Manhattan' of perennial ryegrass showed relatively high tolerance to shade. Especially, in 'Citation II' perennial ryegrass, fresh and dry weight were increased by 30% shade. The number of tillers generally decreased with increasing shade. In 30% shade, 'Midnight' Kentucky bluegrass and 'Omega II' perennial ryegrass were least reduced and 'Baron' Kentucky bluegrass and 'Pennant' perennial ryegrass were most reduced. The cultivars of lower growth habit in full sunlight showed shade tolerance compared to those of higher growth habit.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-55
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• 1997

The shoot tips of Delphinium cv. Princess Caroline were cultured on the MS medium supplemented with cytokinin and auxin alone or in combination. Among cytokinins, BA was most effective in shoot multiplication, adequqte concentrations being 1.0-5.0 mg/L. Shoot multiplication was very favorable on the media with 1.0-3.0 mg/L BA and 0.1-0.5 mg/L IAA. Additions of BA and IAA did not stimulate shoot multiplication, but increased a little fresh weight. Shoots were scarcely rooted on the media with IBA or NAA, and were not done utterly on the media containing activated charcoal. Therefore, shoots were treated by Rootone and planted in the cultural media for in vivo rooting. The highest rate of rooting was 68% in the mixed cultural medium composed of Perlite 1 and Vermiculite 1.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.104-109
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• 2016

Rosa rugosa is a medicinal, ornamental, and edible plant native to Eastern Asian countries, including Korea, Japan, and China. The aim of this study was to establish a system for biomass production and secondary metabolite accumulation during in vitro culture and acclimatization of Rosa rugosa. The highest rate of multiple shoot proliferation was achieved with $8.8{\mu}M$ benzyladenine (BA) (83.3%). However, the number of shoots (14.4 per explant) at $4.4{\mu}M$ BA was higher than that at $8.8{\mu}M$ BA. Compared to BA, a combination of thidiazuron (TDZ) and indole butyric acid (IBA) exhibited significantly lower shoot induction, with only 50.0~79.2% and 4.2~16.7% relative shoot formation, respectively. During acclimatization, shoots were sampled every week and their total phenolic contents were analyzed. Among various growth factors, fresh weight showed the most dramatic increase from the 3rd week (88.0 mg/plant) to 4th week (132.7 mg/plant). Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were the highest at $1^{st}$ week of acclimatization. Depending on developmental stages, total phenolics and flavonoids contents were higher in 1-yr-old shoots grown ex vitro than in those of older field-grown or in vitro-grown plants. Amongst different ages of field grown plants, 6-year-old plants, the oldest in this study, showed the lowest content in total phenolics.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2022

In this study, a plant tissue culture system was established for Atractylodes spp., an economically valuable medicinal crop in Korea that has low domestic production and is increasingly imported. In particular, Atractylodes ovata was treated with four types of cytokinins, 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), zeatin, kinetin, and thidiazuron (TDZ), in two different concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mg/L). Among the four types of cytokinins, the BA treatment was effective for the shoot and root growth of A. ovata. Both the 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L concentrations of BA showed similar results; however, the 1.0 mg/L concentration of BA was more effective in promoting shoot and root growth. The treatments showed that the TDZ treatment was not effective for the shoot and root growth, except for the number of shoots and the fresh weight (FW) of the root; therefore, it was unsuitable for this species. In this study, we established a mass production system of A. ovata. Our results showed that direct in vitro regeneration may make a significant contribution to improving the cultivation of the medicinal plant A. ovata.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1388-1393
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to examine the feasibility of utilising bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) shoot shell (BSS) in ruminants. Chemical composition, rumen degradability and some antinutritional compounds were determined for fresh and boiled BSSs to evaluate its feed value and safety. Thirty-two Holstein heifers were allocated to four groups and used to investigate the response in growth rate to supplementing ammoniated rice straw with fresh shell (phase 1) or silage of boiled BSS (phase 2). All animals were offered ammoniated straw ad libitum with 1kg of cotton seed meal (phase 1) or 0.5 kg of cotton seed meal and 0.5 kg of concentrate mixture (phase 2) per head per day. The BSS was supplemented at levels of 0, 3, 6 or 9 kg/d (phase 1) and 0, 5, 10 or 15 kg/d (phase 2) (as fed basis). The BSS was very high in moisture content, and its contents of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were 13~16% DM and 65~76% DM, respectively; boiling resulting in higher moisture and protein. No hydrocyanic acid was detected in both BSSs and content of tannins was negligible. Rumen degradability of BSS was reasonably high, and with boiling the rapidly degradable fraction decreased, and potentially degradable component increased. Silage of the boiled BSS was slightly lower in both rapidly and slowly degraded fractions than the fresh BSS. Animals consumed all supplemented BSSs without any adverse health problems. Intake of ammoniated straw decreased with the increasing levels of BSS, but total intake was higher in almost all supplementary groups than in the non-BSS. Heifers had a higher growth rate in phase 1 with fresh BSS than in phase 2 with ensiled shell, and daily weight gains were 622, 629, 744 or 690 g in phase 1, and 578, 575, 677 or 635 g in phase 2 at four BSS levels, respectively. For both phases growth rate was significantly higher for the animals in groups 3 and 4 than those in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.01), with little difference between groups 1 and 2 (p>0.05) but significant difference between groups 3 and 4 (p<0.05). Supplementation with BSS also resulted in an improved feed conversion rate, with the least concentrate consumption in group 3 for both phases. It is concluded that the BSS has a high potential nutritional value as indicated by its medium protein content, reasonably high rumen degradability, and that inclusion of BSS in ammoniated rice straw diet is not only safe to animals, but also may improve growth rate of ruminants and feed conversion rate. It may be disadvantageous to use high amounts of BSS in ammoniated straw diets.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.217-221
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• 2012

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of various organic substrates on growth and yield of ginseng seedling grown organically in the closed plastic house. The pH and EC of substrates used for organically ginseng cultivation ranged 5.93~6.78 and 0.03~0.15 dS/m respectively. The concentrations $NH_4$-N and $NO_3$-N respectively was 14.01~68.63 mg/L, 5.60~58.83 mg/L. The average quantum of the closed plastic house was range from 10 to 16% of natural light. In July and August, the maximum temperature of the closed plastic house did not exceed 30 and the average temperature was maintained within 25 lower than the field because air conditioning ran. The PPV-1 and PPV-2 bed soil substrates produced higher stem length, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight and leaf area than those of conventional culture. In PPV-2 bed soil substrates, root fresh weight and root diameter was the highest. The root fresh weight of PPV-2 bed soil substrates in closed plastic house was maximum 25% heavier than the conventional cultivation. The results of this experiment will be utilized for making new substrate application for organic ginseng culture in the plastic house.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.262-269
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• 1995

The reseach was conducted to find out if there are any difference in growth, specific pattern in weed competition, and herbicide response of Korean lawngrass(Zoysia japonica Steud.) in a green house equipped with auto-foggy system. Plant height and leaf stage of Korean lowngrass under foggy condition were increased through all growing stages, whereas the number of tillers and shoot fresh weight harvested at 100 days after seeding were reduced by 24% and 29%, respectively, comparing with non-foggy condition. Weed emergence(total fresh weight) under foggy condition was much greater than that under non-foggy condition. Plant height, number of tillers, number of plant and shoot fresh weight of lawngrass under foggy condition were severely reduced with increasing the duration of competition(above 40 day-competition). Among the herbicides treated, oxyfluorfen completely inhibited plant height of lawngrass regardless of foggy condition, and bensulide considerably inhibited plant height of lawngrass under foggy condition. On the other hand, flazasulfuron did not affect the growth of lawngrass under both foggy and non-foggy conditions. At 40 days after herbicides application, weeding efficacy of bensulide and mecoprop under foggy condition were reduced by 6% and 13%, respectively, comparing with non-foggy condition.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.432-436
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the optimal aeration rate for mass propagation of ever-bearing strawberry by bioreactor culture. The aeration rate was treated in four levels: 0.1 vvm (air volume/medium volume/min), 0.2 vvm, 0.3 vvm, and 0.4 vvm. In 0.2 vvm conditions, shoot length was the longest at 9.03 cm in bioreactor culture, leave numbers were 40.4 ea and fresh weight was 6,106 mg. Plant growth rate at 0.2 vvm condition was faster than other treatments. In the aeration condition, 0.2 vvm was most effective to increase aerial part growth and to decrease medium consumption. As the culture periods increased, the fresh weight also increased rapidly. After six weeks of cultivation, shoots were emerged with 10.4 ea per plantlet, resulting in developing a complete plant. As a result, the bioreactor culture system for mass propagation of strawberry is required to continuously supply the air by 0.2 vvm speed and cultivate at least for six weeks.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2011

Proper light intensity, potting media, fertilization level, and shade tolerance were investigated to develop Orostachys (Korean name, Nungyu bawisol) as a potted ornamental plant. The best plant growth was shown at 52% shading. Although plant growth decreased at 82% shading, ornamental value maintained at that shading rate, which indicate that O. 'Nungyu bawisol' has high shading tolerance. At over 90% shading, some of the plants died and showed decolorization and standing erect in leaves, resulting in a big decrease in ornamental value. Potting medium of decomposed granite (DG) : fertilizer-amended media (FAM) : river sand (RS) (6 : 2 : 2, v/v/v) showed the best growth in potted O. 'Nungyu bawisol'. Fresh weight of shoot part was 16 g in DG : FAM : RS (6 : 2 : 2, v/v/v), which was over 2 folds of those at the other medium. Drenching of Hyponex solution diluted by 1,000~2,000 folds 1 time per week brought the highest results in fresh weight, plant width, and runner number. Particularly, fresh weight of shoot part was 13 g higher than that of control (16 g). Leaf color tended to be darkened as concentration of Hyponex solution increased.