• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2015

Antheraea yamamai silkworm cocoon is considered as a natural biocompatible materials, but can not be used as medical resources due to its difficult processability. In this study, we examined the general characteristics including cocoon shell weight and structural and thermal properties of Antheraea yamamai silkworm cocoon. The cocoon shell weight and thickness of wild silkworm cocoon was 0.528 g and 0.424 mm, respectively. The cocoon has yellow-green color in outside cocoon but white in inner layer cocoon. Amino acid analysis showed that the main amino acid of Antheraea yamamai cocoon is alanine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, tyrosine and arginine. X-ray diffractometry showed that strong diffraction peaks at $2{\theta}=16.8^{\circ}$, $20.4^{\circ}$, corresponded to ${\beta}$-sheet structure and sharp diffraction peaks at $2{\theta}=15.0^{\circ}$, $24.3^{\circ}$, $30.0^{\circ}$ due to the presence of calcium oxalate on cocoon surface. Antheraea yamamai cocoon was degraded at $370^{\circ}C$. These results might be used as basic information for development of non-textile materials using Anthereae yamamai silkworm cocoon.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2007

The effects of microbial phytase on laying performance, egg quality, and ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids were examined at three levels of phytase (0, 300, 600 unit/kg) in 55-wk-old White Leghorn for 4 weeks. Egg productivity tended to increase with supplemental phytase compared to that of control. Daily feed intake of hens fed phytase also increased. Egg shell thickness was not significantly different among the treatments. Haugh unit and yolk color were not statistically different. However, egg shell breaking strength was high at phytase treatment. Excretion and absorption of nitrogen were no difference among all treatments, but those of phosphorus was higher in the phytase treatment than control. The digestibility was high at crude fiber, crude ash, calcium and phosphorus in nutrients, at lysine, methionine and phenylalanine in essential amino acids, and alanine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine and tyrosine in non-essential amino acids. In conclusion, supplemental microbial phytase in laying hens diet may help to improve egg production and to decrease P of feces. But, further studies were needed to investigate on the digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens ($24"{\times}30"{\times}18"$) at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a $2{\times}3{\times}4$ factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.828-833
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• 2017

Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different methionine (Met) sources on production performance, reproduction performance, egg quality and serum biochemical indices in broiler breeders. Methods: After receiving a basal diet (containing 0.25% Met) for a 2-wk pretreatment period, a total of 360 39-wk-old Lingnan yellow broiler breeders were randomly allocated to four treatments with six replicates each (15 birds per replicate). Breeders were fed with basal diets (control) or diets supplemented with DL-methionine (DLM), DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butytric calcium (MHA-Ca) and coated DL-Met (CME) respectively. Results: The results showed that CME supplementation promoted laying rate and decreased feed-to-egg ratio (F/E) (p<0.05), DLM and MHA-Ca supplementation decreased F/E (p<0.05) when compared with control group. The rate of fertility, hatchability and birthrate were higher (p<0.05) in DLM, MHA-Ca, and CME groups than control group. Compared with control group, CME increased the eggshell thickness (p<0.05); MHA-Ca improved the eggshell thickness, shell ratio and eggshell strength (p<0.05). Results also showed that CME elevated the concentration of total protein in serum (p<0.05); MHA-Ca improved the concentration of calcium in serum (p<0.05). The concentration of serum uric acid in DLM, MHA-Ca, and CME groups was lower than that in control group (p<0.05). Besides, CME had higher concentrations of serum taurine, cysteine and cystanthionine (p<0.05) while MHA-Ca and DLM promoted the serum taurine concentration (p<0.05) compared with control group. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was concluded that Met supplementation could enhance the production and reproduction performance as well as the antioxidant status and egg quality of broiler breeders. In terms of improving the production performance, reproduction performance and antioxidant performance, CME was superior to DLM and MHA-Ca; but in regard to the enhancement of eggshell quality and serum Ca concentration, MHA-Ca was superior to DLM and CME.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 1969

Sea-divers(woman) are living in coastal villages and their principal daily work is to dive into sea water in order to get sea-weeds, pearls etc. They are able to be stayed inside the water for a relatively long period and at the same time have a hard physical work during the period. Besides these works, they work also on farms and in homes in their rest time. Hwa-Jeon-Min('fire-field' farmers) are living in higher mountainous areas (plateau areas) and they burn off the ground for cultivation and obtain the crops on which they are living. Usually, they are far apart from cities and markets. The above mentioned two groups are special social groups in this country, consequently are interested in their food and nutritional habbits. The summarized surveyed results are as follows (See the Tables 1, 2, and 3). 1. In case of Sea-divers(woman): a. Staple foods are cereals, vegetables, and fishes and shell-fishes. These foods occupy 40%, 15%, and 24% respectively of all the foods intaken. b. Relatively large amount of protein and fat are intaken. Especially animal protein shows 64% of total protein intaken. c. Intake of vitamin $B_2$ is low but all other nutrients are intaken in relatively good amount. 2. In case of Hwa-Jeon-Min ('fire-field' farmers): a. Staple foods are cereals, potatoes, and vegetables. These foods occupy 61%, 19%, and 14% respectively of all the foods intaken. b. Intaken amount of animal foods is only 7 grams and this figure is only 0.1% of total foods intaken. c. Intake of animal protein is 0.4 to 0.6 grams per day and that of fats is 8 to 10 grams only. d. Intake of carbohydrate is very high. The calorie derived from the carbohydrate is 86% of total calorie intaken. e. Intakes of calcium, vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, and niacin are low. Especially, calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin $B_2$ are deficient from their food habbits.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.16
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• pp.82-95
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• 2015

Old Monk by Yun Duseo is realized to use silver paper which is made of rarity material. This sudy investigates reason why silver, that is easily discoloration in environmental condition, is susceptible in present. The method was the surface treatment materials and the base fiber through direct observation, optical instruments and XRF analysis. Based on these results, reproducing experiment was conducted to research materials in paper of Old Monk and the surface treatment technique. The results, the paper was treated 'Dochim' with a mineral having polygonal crystals for improving smoothness and density. XRF analysis result showed high calcium content, therefore, the paper was not used silver, it guess pulverized shells of abalone or other types of shellfish. Accordingly, the research was narrowed down to shells with shiny, reflective surfaces which at the same time contain high amounts of calcium. A new experiment was conducted using unprocessed abalone shells. Through the reproducing experiment, shellfish has high possibility as used mineral in paper. Notwithstanding, this experiment was unable to precisely reproduce the smoothness and shine of the original paper. Further research may therefore be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2010

Glass was fabricated by using refused coal ore obtained from Dogye coal mine in Samchuk. We additionally used soda ash and calcium carbonate as raw materials to make a glass with the chemical composition of soda-lime glass. And the properties of glass were measured when limestone was used as natural raw materials instead of calcium carbonate as chemical raw materials. Transparent glass was fabricated by melting raw materials at $1550^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr in an electrical furnace. The various kinds of glass samples were fabricated according to the kinds of refused coal ore and glass cullet. The optical properties of transmittance and color chromaticity were measured by UV/VIS/NIR spectrometer and the thermal properties of thermal expansion coefficient and softening point were measured. Transparent glass with the transmittance of over 70% in visible range was fabricated by using normal refused coal ore and black colored glass with the transmittance of 0~35% was fabricated by using shel1 type refused coal ore. Therefore, it is concluded that refused coal ore can be used for raw materials to manufacture secondary glass products such as a glass tile and foamed glass panel for construction material.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1999

In this study, various batch tests were performed to examine the utilization of waste oyster shells for removal of $PO_4^{3-}-P$ in livestock wastewater, because waste oyster shells have been known to be very porous and to have alkaline minerals such as calcium and mangnesium. $PO_4^{3-}-P$ removal rate were increased by waste oyster shells, as specific surface area and contact efficiency per unit area of their were increased. Generally, it could be showed that $PO_4^{3-}-P$ removal rate were very influenced by particle size, dosage and temperature. At low pH of initial reactions, it would be showed that $PO_4^{3-}-P$ removals were directly influenced by adsorption but crystallization process were dominated with passed time and pH increasing. The SEM observed that the variations were hardly seen, but particle sizes of waste oyster shell were relatively big after reactions and showed forms of smaller plate than before reactions.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.330-342
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• 2017

Statistical design of experiments was employed to optimize the media composition for the production of laccase from Bacillus sp. PK4. In order to find the key ingredients for the best yield of enzyme production from the selected eleven variables viz yeast extract, glucose, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride, ferrous sulphate, sodium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate ($KH_2PO_4$) and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate ($K_2HPO_4$), Plackett-Burman design was applied. The $MgSO_4$, $FeSO_4$, and $CuSO_4$ showed positive estimate, and their concentration optimized further. The steepest ascent method and Box-Behnken method revealed that 1.5 mM $MgSO_4$, 0.33 g/l $FeSO_4$ and 1.41 mM $CuSO_4$ were optimal for the laccase production by Bacillus sp. PK4. This optimization strategy leads to enhancement of laccase production from 2.13 U/ml to 40.79 U/ml. Agro-wastes residues replace the carbon source glucose in the optimized media namely sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran, rice husk, and groundnut shell, among these groundnut shells (117 U/ml) was found to enhance the laccase production significantly. The laccase produced by Bacillus sp. PK4 was found to have the potential to degrade persistent organic pollutant benzo[a]pyrene.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.679-686
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• 2004

In order to find the relationships of nutrient intakes and food consumptions to calorie intake for young and middle-aged men, a study was peformed using the data of Korean National HealthㆍNutrition Survey in 1998. Data from 659 young men (20 to 29 years) and 1,697 middle-aged men (30 to 49 years) were analysed for percent of recommended daily allowance (%RDA), index of nutritional quality (INQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) in order to evaluate one's Quality and quantity. We found that energy and nutrient intakes were not significantly different between young and middle-aged groups. Their calorie and nutrient intakes were below their RDA. The most insufficiently consumed nutrient (less than 75% of RDA) was calcium followed by thiamin vitamin A, and calorie. The lacks of calorie, protein, iron, vitamin C, and niacin were more widely-spread in the twenties than the middle-aged. The mean nutrient adequacy ratio of the middle-aged was better than that of the young, even though some INQ were worse. Only for the subjects consumed sufficient energy, there were positive relations between grains, meats or alcoholic drinks to calorie level in middle-aged men but there were positive relations between broiled fish/shell or fats/oils to calorie level in young men. It seemed that both middle-aged men eating alcoholic drinks, broiled meat, and grains and young men eating cake/cookies, rice cake/potato cake, grains, and sugars could consume enough calorie with nutritional imbalance.