• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 1988

This study was conducted to investigate the optimum temperature and light intensity of photosynthesis and transmittance in the shade for better growth and root yield of ginseng. The 3-year-old ginseng plants grown under the shade of 5, 10 and 20% transmittance did not show any significant difference in the stem length, stem diameter, leaf area and root length. The root diameter markedly increased under the shade of 10% and 20% transmittance, and the root was the heaviest under the shade of 20% transmittance. The 6-year-old ginseng plants grown at 20% transmittance showed the largest root diameter but the root length was not influenced by transmittance. The root was heaviest in the shade of 20% transmittance.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.473-483
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• 2014

In this work, the effects of shade combination, shade height and wind regime on greenhouse climate were quantified. A two-dimensional (2-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed based on an 11-span plastic greenhouse in eastern China for wind almost normal to the greenhouse orientation. The model was first validated with air temperature profiles measured in a compartmentalized greenhouse cultivated with mature lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., 'Yang Shan'). Next, the model was employed to investigate the effect of shade combinations on greenhouse microclimate patterns. Simulations showed similar airflow patterns in the greenhouse under different shade combinations. The temperature pattern was a consequence of convection and radiation transfer and was not significantly influenced by shade combination. The use of shade screens reduced air velocity by $0.02-0.20m{\cdot}s^{-1}$, lowered air temperature by $0.2-0.8^{\circ}C$ and raised the humidity level by 0.9-2.0% in the greenhouse. Moreover, it improved the interior climate homogeneity. The assessment of shade performance revealed that the external shade had good cooling and homogeneity performance and thus can be recommended. Furthermore, the effects of external shade height and wind regime on greenhouse climate parameters showed that external shade screens are suitable for installation within 1 m above roof level. They also demonstrated that, under external shade conditions, greenhouse temperature was reduced relative to unshaded conditions by $1.3^{\circ}C$ under a wind speed of $0.5m{\cdot}s^{-1}$, whereas it was reduced by merely $0.5^{\circ}C$ under a wind speed of $2.0m{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Therefore, external shading is more useful during periods of low wind speed.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.199-203
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluation the effect of shade on all ceramic restoration based zirconia according to cooling rate on Firing. Methods: 10 specimens applied to the dentin porcelain were made on the zirconia. After 5 specimens of the first group were burned in the furnace, these were put out rapidly. And after 5 specimens of the second group were burned in the furnace, these were put out slowly later 15 min. All specimens were measured $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ using spectrophotometer, there were calculated 10 mean(SD) of descriptive statistics with SPSS program. These data were used for ${\Delta}E^*$ with color difference equation. Independent t tests were performed between 2 groups. Results: $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ of 2 groups was statistically significant respectively (p<0.001), ${\Delta}E^*$ was 4.55 value. Conclusion: This study showed effect of shade on all ceramic restoration based zirconia according to cooling rate on Firing.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 1984

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of light intensity and soil water regimes on the growth of ginseng seedling. The results were as follows: 1. The maximum light intensity and optimum temperature in 1,le photosynthesis of ginseng seedling were 10,000 lux and 23 $^{\circ}C$. Respiration rate was increased at high temperature. 2. Air and soil temperature under the shading were increased as the increase of light intensity but soil water contents were decreased as the increase of light intensity, whereas air and soil temperature were decreased as the increase of precipitation under the shade b5: soil water contents were increased as the increase of precipitation under the shade. 3. The higher the transmittance of the shade, the greater the specific leaf weight (S.L.W.) and stomatal density. In contrast, however, the contents of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, and stomatal length was decreased. There was no any significant difference light intensity of the a/b ratio of chlorophyll. 4. The highest photosynthesis was occurred in ginseng leaves grown under the shade 5% L.T.R. and net photosynthesis rates increased with increasing soil water contents. 5. Optimum condition for usable seedling yield were 5% L.T.R. and 3.3% precipitation under the shade. Useless seedling increased with increasing precipitation under the shade.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the background color-interceptive ability ana opacity of opaque shade composites (Universal composite, Filtek Z350, Charisma, Clearfil ST, Palpaque Estelite, Esthet-X, and Metafil Flo). Twenty four background specimens (diameter 5.5 mm, thickness 3.0 mm) with Root dentin Mustard (Bisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA) were made. The CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ value of background specimens was measured by a spectrophotometer (Spectrolino, GretagMacbeth, Regensdorf, Switzerland). Three specimens in every group were filled on the background specimens. The surface color of samples was measured by a spectrophotometer in 3.0 mm and every thickness to 0.5 mm while grinding. The color difference in the background color along with 3.0 mm specimen gauged the masking effect in each thickness while grinding and polishing. The opacity was calculated in 1 mm thick specimens. The opacity was in the decreasing order of Clearfil ST, Metafil Flo, Filtek Z350, Palpaque Estelite, Universal composite, Charisma, and Esthet-X (p < 0.05). As the thickness get reduced, $L^*$ value showed decreasing, $a^*$ increasing tendency. The surface color difference between pair of the 3.0 mm thick specimen and after grinding in same opaque resin was above 3.3 except Clearfil ST and Metafil Flo. The color difference (${\Delta}E^*$) between pair of background specimen and opaque resin built-up specimen showed more than 10.0 regardless kinds and thickness. The variance in opacity characteristics and color of the opaque composites is dependent upon manufacturer. When using the opaque resin, the optical properties of each material must be considered as well as cavity.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of external stain that long term attrition caused by tooth brushing affected the color variation of external stain of IPS e.max Press Porcelain. The specimen was made by IPS e.max Press LT ingots, and treated the shade of external staning as Orange, A, B, C, D After conducting horizontal toothbrush strokes about 11,000 / 22,000 / 44,000 / 66,000 / 88,000, Color changers of the external stained layer was measured with SpectroShade$^{tm}$ MICRO(MHT, Italy). The result of this study was obtained as follows: 1. After 11,000 strokes, the color changes of shade were greater in Orange shade than the other 4 shade groups. And even though toothbrush strokes were increased until 88,000, there were no statistical significant color changes about the external stain shade variation. 2. The amount of color variation about increasing of toothbrushing strokes was irregular(no consistent increasing, or decreasing), and it was no statistical significant changes According to these results, the long term tooth-brushing doesn't affect the changes of external stain about IPS e.max press porcelain. And it doesn't reduce the stability of external stain clinically. Later, it will be needed to study other factors affecting the external stain.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.753-761
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• 2014

Growth and flowering of Cymbidium 'Red Fire' and 'Yokihi' plants were examined in a greenhouse with cooling systems in summer, and with night interruption (NI) lighting in winter as a forcing culture system. The greenhouse was divided into two sections with separate cooling controls during the summer season. One section was cooled by a mist system (mist), while the other section was cooled by a shade screen (shade). During the winter, the greenhouse was redivided into three sections within each cooling system. Plants were grown with NI either at a low light intensity of $3-7{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$(LNI) or a high l ight intensity of $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$(HNI) u sing h igh-pressure sodium l amps during the 22:00-02:00 HR. The control plants were grown under 9 h short-day condition. NI for 16 weeks and cooling for 9 weeks were employed twice during the 2 years of the experimental period. The air temperature was approximately $2^{\circ}C$ lower in the mist than in the shade and the relative humidity was 80 ${\pm}5%$ in the mist compared to $55{\pm}5%$ in the shade. The daily light integral in the mist section was 48% higher than in the shade section. The time from initial planting to flowering pseudobulb emergence decreased with both LNI and HNI for both cultivars, regardless of the cooling treatments. Under NI conditions, however, between 60% and 1 00% of plants of both cultivars flowered in the mist, whereas no or 20% of 'Red Fire' or 'Yokihi' plants, respectively, flowered in the shade treatment over 2 years. Plants grown under the mist had bigger pseudobulbs than those grown in the shade under both NI treatments. These results show that commercial use of NI in winter and a mist cooling system in summer would decrease crop production time to 2 years and increase profits in Cymbidium forcing culture.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.695-700
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of CAD/CAM ceramic thickness on shade. Methods: 24 disk-shaped ceramic specimens (E.Max CAD & Empress CAD, $12mm{\times}12mm$) were prepared and divided into 4 groups (n=6). Ceramic specimens in 2 thicknesses (0.8 mm, 1.0 mm) were made low translucency(LT) shade A2. All specimens were measured as L*, a*, b* using spectrophotometer. The color differences(${\Delta}E$ values) between the specimen and a control target block ($12{\times}12{\times}1.2mm$) were calculated. Two-way ANOVA performed between 2 groups(material and thickness). Results: As the thickness increased, the $L^*$ (for all groups) and $b^*$ value (for all groups) increased and the $a^*$ value(for LR group) decreased. The mean color differences caused by thickness was acceptible (${\Delta}E$ > 2) for group LD1. But the mean color differences by thickness were not selected (${\Delta}E$ < 2) for group LD2, LR1, LR2. Conclusions: The different thickness can influence the final color of CAD/CAM ceramic.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.175-185
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a self - applied paint - on whitening gel combined with wrap to increase the effect of a whitening gel and minimize gingival irritation. Materials and Methods: Ninety adult volunteers were randomly treated to a control group and two experimental groups using whitening gel containing 2.8% and 3.0% hydrogen peroxide for 30 persons each. They had used the wrap and whitening gel on maxillary 4 anterior teeth for 30 minutes per day during 2 weeks. Whitening tooth color response was measured by VITA shade guide and ShadeEye $NCC^{(R)}$. And side effects were assessed from interview and intraoral examination. The efficacy and safety evaluations were statistically analyzed. Results: In the evaluation with VITA shade guide, there was significantly the whitening effect in experimental groups compared with the control group. In the evaluation with ShadeEye $NCC^{(R)}$, the 3.0% experimental group showed significantly the whitening effect compared to the control group and the 2.8% experimental group (P < 0.05). There were some complaints of minor side effects, but there did not find abnormal symptoms of the gingival stimulation in all groups. Conclusion: A self - applied paint - on whitening gel combined with wrap can be used as a useful self-whitening material because the whitening effect increases as the concentration of hydrogen peroxide from 2.8% to 3.0% and also no significant side effects are observed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2004

Focusing on WBGT(Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer Index) according to the LAI(Leaf Area Index) variation of trees, this study verifies the effects of urban shade trees on the outdoor thermal environment. As for methodology, air$.$globe temperature, air humidity and WBGT were measured under three shade trees whose LAIs were 2.1, 4.0 and 8.2 respectively at midday(12:00-13:00) of 14 sunny days from the 4th through the 29th day of September 2003. Those factors were also measured at the unshaded areas and compared with the values of shaded areas. The measured site was paved with interlocking concrete bricks. The measurements were analyzed through the ANCOV A(Analysis of Covariance) and the regression routines of SPSS11 for windows (SPSS Inc., 2001). The major findings were as follows. 1. The direct correlation between WBGT and LAI was very low. On the contrary, the WBGT showed close correlation with air$.$globe temperature and air humidity, and the LAI also showed very close correlation with globe temperature. These results tell that dominant shading effect by the tree is on the screening of direct solar radiation which lower the globe temperature and WBGT consequently. 2. While the average globe temperatures and WBGT at unshadowed area were 40.4$^{\circ}C$ and 26.2$^{\circ}C$ respectively, the former under the shade tree with LAI 2.1, 4.0 and 8.2 were 34.5$^{\circ}C$, 32.6$^{\circ}C$ and 30.2$^{\circ}C$, and the latter were 24.6$^{\circ}C$, 24$^{\circ}C$ and 23.4$^{\circ}C$ respectively. 3. The relationship between LAI(x) and WBGT(y) can be presented with the following equation: y = 24.23+1.53 $e^{-x}$+0.36x $e^{-x}$+0.46 $x^2$ $e^{-x}$ ($R^2$ =.98) =.98)