• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.265-271
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• 2012

Phytoestrogen is an estrogenic compound that occurs naturally in plants. The most common sources of phytoestrogen are soybean products, which contain high levels of isoflavones. This compound, which has structural similarity with estrogen, can act as an estrogen receptor agonist or antagonist. Animal studies provide evidence of the significant effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development, including altered pubertal timing, impaired estrous cycling and ovarian function, and altered hypothalamus and pituitary functions. Although human studies examining the effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development are extremely limited, the results of some studies agree with those of the animal studies. In this paper, we review the possible mechanism of phytoestrogen action and the evidence showing the effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development in animal and human studies.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.332-337
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• 1994

Under standard condition (Han, et al., 1990: glucose 1%-nitrate 0.1% minimal medium, 30 ml in 9 cm plate, $10^6$ cells of inoculum per plate), wild type of Aspergillus nidulans developed both sexual and asexual organs in ballance, while velA1 mutant developed asexual ones preferentially. Increase of glucose concentration did not significantly affect the asexual sporulation. However, development of sexual organs were largely affected. It was greatly enhanced when favorable nitrogen source, for example, casein hydrolysate was added, which is contrary to the case of Neurospora or Saccharomyces where limitation of N source induces sexual development. On most of moderate C sources asexual development in $velA^+$ strain was largely inhibited except acetate on which only asexual spores were produced, while that in velA1 mutant strain was not affected. Lactose promoted the sexual development even in velA1 mutant indicating that lactose itself or its metabolic intermediate may induce sexual development independent of allelic state of velA gene. On other moderate favorable C sources, glycerol, galactose and ethanol, asexual development was largely inhibited in $velA^+$ strain but not in velA1 mutant strain. Sexual organs were, however, never produced on acetate. These results suggested that asexual development of wild type is largely dependent on C sources and the velA gene is involved in the repression of asexual development in not-enough-grown (non-competent) thalli resulting in preferential progression of sexual development.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.104-115
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a web-based sexual health program for women undergoing treatment for gynecologic cancer and their partners, and to evaluate the validity of the developed program. Methods: A web-based sexual health program was developed and evaluated: analysis (needs assessment on 23 patients and content analysis through literature review and web search), design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Results: The web-based sexual health program for women undergoing treatment for gynecologic cancer and their partners was structured with sexual life, sexual response cycle, change of sexual function, sexual dysfunction related to treatment, and useful method for sexual dysfunction. This program included a video to improve for understanding and a bulletin board to promote bi-directional interactions between program users and providers. Experts and users rated this program in terms of efficacy, convenience, design, relevance, and usefulness. This program contents were found appropriate and satisfactory to both experts and users. Conclusion: This web-based sexual health program for women undergoing treatment for gynecologic cancer and their partners would contribute to sexual health promotion for gynecologic cancer women and their partners.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.62-68
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate contraception knowledge and sexual behavior in female high school students. Methods: The participants were 382 female high school students from one academic and one vocational school. Data was collected from October to November, 2008 using self report questionnaire. Results: Knowledge on contraception was 5.52 in maximum 14 point scale. Major information source for sexual matters was peers such as friends or sisters. Perception on sexual behavior was different according to major information source. Fifty five percents of students thought that kiss can be permitted, and regarded sexual behavior as natural development. 3.4% of participants had experience of sexual intercourse. Conclusion: It is indicated that perception on sexual behavior can be shaped according to correct information and positive attitude on natural sexual development by health profession. Also, education on contraception would be included in sex education to reduce teenage pregnancy.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2003

Aspergillus nidulans, a homothalic ascomycete, has a complete sexual reproductive cycle as well as an asexual one. Both sexual and asexual development are known to be genetically programmed, but are also strongly affected by environmental factors including nutrients, light, temperature and osmolarity. We have examined these factors to define favored conditions for fruiting body (cleistothecium) formation. In general, fruiting body formation was enhanced where carbon and nitrogen sources were sufficient. Limitation of C-source caused predominant asexual development while inhibiting sexual development. When higher concentrations of glucose were supplied, more cleistothecia were formed. Other carbon sources including lactose, galactose and glycerol made the fungus develop cleistothecia very well, whereas acetate caused asexual sporulation only. Organic nitrogen sources like casein hydrolysate and glycine, and an increase in nitrate or ammonium concentration also enhanced sexual development. In addition to nutrient effects, low levels of aerobic respiration, caused either by platesealing or treatment with various chemicals, favored sexual development. Carbon limitation, light exposure and a high concentration of salts promoted asexual development preferentially, suggesting that stress conditions may drive the cell to develop asexual sporulation while comfortable and wellnourished growth conditions favored sexual development.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify correlation between sexual autonomy and self-efficacy and provide preliminary information for use in development of a sex education program for university students. Method: This study employed a descriptive research design. Data were collected from 357 university students. Subjects completed questionnaires on the following: demographics, sexual autonomy, and self-efficacy. Results: A total of 112 subjects (31.3.%) had experienced sexual intercourse and 126 subjects (35.3%) regarded it as an acceptable level of sexual behavior. The mean of sexual autonomy was 3.49 and significant differences were observed in gender, grade, department, and acceptable level of sexual behavior. The mean of self-efficacy was 4.08 and significant differences were observed in gender, department, and acceptable level of sexual behavior. In addition, significant correlation was observed between sexual autonomy and self-efficacy. Conclusion: Development of a sex education program for university students, which includes information on reinforcement of sexual autonomy and self-efficacy, is needed.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.39-39
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• 2014

In a homothallic filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, sexual and asexual developments are largely affected by the genetic and environmental factors. To regulate the complex subsets of genes involved in the developmental processes accurately, tight regulations of transcription factors are required. The forkhead type transcription factors are the class of regulators that function in a broad spectrum of cellular and developmental processes in many species from yeast to human. Here, we identified the fkhA and fkhB genes that encode a conserved forkhead transcription factors. The fkhA deletion resulted in the complete loss of fruiting body formation under all conditions favoring sexual development, suggesting that the fkhA gene is required for sexual development in A. nidulans. Overexpression of fkhA resulted in enhanced formation of fruiting bodies under induction condition not only in the normal condition but also in the condition of presence of 0.6 M KCl, which strongly inhibits sexual development. To know the function of the fkhB gene, we also generated fkhB knock-out strain in A. nidulans. Deletion of fkhB resulted in abnormal conidiophore formation under standard conditions and delayed sexual development process, suggesting that the fkhB gene plays an important role in conidiophore morphogenesis Taken together, these results suggest that the fkhA gene is necessary and sufficient for regulating sexual development and the fkhB gene is a transcription factor related in asexual developmental process in A. nidulans.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2013

Fungal development is largely affected by many environmental factors. In a model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, asexual development is promoted by exposure of light, presence of salt and non-fermentable sugars. In other hand, sexual development is largely induced by absence of light, fermentable sugars and hypoxic condition. Also, some important genes including veA and nsdD play positive roles in activating sexual development. Here, we reported that the effect of high concentration of $CO_2$ on developmental decision in A. nidulans. When wild-type $veA^+$ strain was cultured in normal condition, sexual and asexual development occurred in balanced manner. However, high concentration of $CO_2$ (~5%) strongly activated sexual development and inhibited asexual development. Furthermore, this $CO_2$ effect was controlled by the veA or nsdD gene. High $CO_2$ culture of $veA^-$ or $nsdD^-$ mutant didn't activate sexual development, suggesting that the activation of sexual development induced by high $CO_2$ cannot overcome the genetic requirement of sexual development such as veA or nsdD. Since 5% $CO_2$ is an important condition for human pathogenic fungi for surviving and adapting in human body, this developmental pattern of A. nidulans affected by $CO_2$ concentration may provide interesting clues for comparative study with human fungal pathogens including Aspergillus fumigatus.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.167-185
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of the sexual knowledge and sexual attitude of the results of 39 previous studies for the adolescence in Korea, 1976-1997. The basis for analysis was the Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education developed by the Sex Information and Education Council of the U. S.(SIECUS). SIECUS is consisted of six key concepts; Human development, Relationships, Personal skills, Sexual behaviour, Sexual health, Society and Health. The research consisted of 39 articles that met definitional criteria of content analysis. The results of the study were summarized as follows: 1. Knowledge: It was conducted 96.7% of human development, 90.0% of sexual health, 70.0% of sexual behaviour, 23.3% of society and culture. 2. Attitude: It was conducted 94.1% of sexual behaviour, 73.5% of relationships, 55.9% of sexual health, 41.1% of human development, 26.5% of society and culture, 11.8% of personal skills. 3. General characteristics: With regard to sexual knowledge, 50.0% of research were published 1980s, 43.3% were 1990s, and 6.7%were 1970s. As regard to sexual attitude, 50% of research were published 1980s, 45.5% were 1990s, and 2.9% were 1970s. In sample size, 23.1% of 600 over, 401-500 were 20.5%. In the research tool, it was developed by researcher mainly 66.7%, modified tool by researcher was 5.1%. The tested reliability of the research tool was only 27.9%. And 78.9% of the research was not tested in validity of tool.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a sexual abuse prevention education program for elementary school students. Methods: Orem's Self-Care Theory (1995) and Seels & Richey's ADDIE model (1994) for developing learning materials were applied to develop this program Results: The development progress of the program consisted of 5 distinct phases: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The contents was classified into 6 categories: the definition of sexual abuse, how to deal with sexual abuse, the situational reaction, areas with a high risk for sexual abuse, related organizations, and a wrap-up quiz. The app was easily accessible for elementary school students. Conclusion: A sexual abuse prevention program using a hybrid app may be an effective way to reach elementary students, and further research for children of various ages is required.