• 한방비만학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2010

Background The length of the second digit (the index finger) relative to the length of the fourth digit (the ring finger) is sexually dimorphic as males have a lower second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D). There is evidence that sex differences in 2D:4D arise from in utero concentrations of sex steroids, with a low 2D:4D (male typical ratio) being positively related to prenatal testosterone, while a high 2D:4D (female typical ratio) is positively associated with prenatal oestrogen Objective To investigate possible associations between 2D:4D ratio and sexually dimorphic body composition Methods 2D:4D ratio, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), weight, and body fat percentage was measured from 46 men and 20 women Results Digit ratio was found to be significantly lower in men than in women. No significant correlation between 2D:4D ratio and body compositions was found for both men and women while digit ratio in obese men was significantly higher than normal weight men. Conclusion This finding dose not support the significant correlation between digit ratio and sexually dimorphic body composition. However digit ratio in obese men was significantly higher than normal weight men.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2022

In the present study, we investigated the effects of recombinant eel gonadotropins (rec-GTHs) on maturation induction in immature ovarian culture in vitro and sex steroid hormones in vivo in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. To study the in vitro effects of rec-GTHs on estradiol-17β (E2) production in immature ovarian tissues, ovarian tissues were incubated with different doses of rec-follicle-stimulating hormone (rec-FSH) or rec-luteinizing hormone (rec-LH). The results revealed that the E2 levels in the rec-FSH (0.1, 0.5, or 1 ㎍/mL)- and rec-LH (0.1 or 0.5 ㎍/mL)-treated groups were significantly higher than those in the female eels from the control group. Furthermore, to investigate the in vivo effects of rec-GTHs on the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and plasma sex steroid hormone levels, the eels were injected intraperitoneally with eel's ringer (control), salmon pituitary extract (SPE; for female eels), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; for male eels), rec-FSH, rec-LH, and rec-FSH + rec-LH once a week. The results revealed that except for the SPE and the hCG groups, none of the groups exhibited a significant difference in GSI values. However, in vivo plasma E2 levels increased at the end of 4 weeks after rec-FSH treatment in female eels. Based on these results, it is suggested that rec-GTHs may have a positive effect on sexual maturation in female eels; however, further studies on complementary rec-protein production systems and additional glycosylation of rec-hormones are needed to elucidate hormone bioactivity in vivo and in vitro.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.437-445
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• 2021

Roughscale sole (Clidoderma asperrimum) is only wild caught because basic reproductive research on this species is lacking and gamete production in an artificial setting has not been successful. Exogenous hormone treatment has been used to induce gonadal maturation and final spermiation in wild-caught individuals. In this study, the effects of an exogenous hormone on spermiation in roughscale sole was investigated by implanting different concentrations of a salmon gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analog (sGnRH; 0, 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/kg body weight) into male fishes. The control group did not produce sperm after 21 days post-implantation, and the duration of spermiation was shorter compared to the other groups. The spermiation period and milt amount differed among the hormone-treated groups according to the hormone concentration used. Milt volumes in the groups treated with 25 and 100 ㎍/kg sGnRH increased compared to the control group, whereas exogenous hormone treatment had no effect on the movable sperm ratio. The spermatocrit was high at the beginning of spermiation in all groups and then tended to decrease gradually over time except in the experimental group treated with 100 ㎍/kg sGnRH. Plasma levels of testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one were not significantly affected by the sGnRH treatments. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to prolong the spermiation period and increase milt volume by treating male roughscale soles with an exogenous hormone. In addition, the artificial hormone treatment did not affect sperm motility.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2005

RT-PCR을 이용하여 감성돔의 뇌하수체에서 발현하는 FSH$\beta$와 LH$\beta$ cDNA를 각각 cloning하였다. GenBank를 이용하여 FSH$\beta$와 LH$\beta$ 아미노산 배열과 상동성을 비교한 결과, 감성돔 FSH$\beta$는 참돔 FSH$\beta$와 $83.3\%$, snakehead fish FSH$\beta$와 $79.2\%$ 및 striped bass FSH$\beta$와 $76.0\%$의 상동성이 나타났으며 , 감성돔 LH$\beta$는 yellowfin seabream LH$\beta$와 $97.7\%$, 참돔 LH$\beta$와 $96.2\%$의 높은 상동성을 보였다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 1년생 수컷 감성돔에 GnRHa를 처리한 후, 뇌하수체에서 발현하는 GTH subunit mRNA의 농도와 혈중 T및 혈중 $E_2$ 농도의 변화를 조사하였다. GnRHa를 체중 g당 $0.2\;{\mu}g$으로 복강 주사한 후 0, 6, 12, 24 및 48시간제에 뇌하수체와 혈액을 샘플링한 결과, 호르몬 처리 후 6시간째에 FSH$\beta$ mRNA가 유의적으로 증가하였으나, LH$\beta$ mRNA 발현에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 또한 혈중 T와 혈중 $E_2$ 농도는 GnRHa처리 후 24시간째 유의적으로 증가하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.147-162
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this review was to summarize the primary role of three representative endocrine axes in aquatic vertebrates and discuss the effects on endocrine systems and their interactions in teleost fish after exposure to environmental contaminants. Methods: We summarized individual traits and mechanisms for hormonal and transcriptional interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG), hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT), and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes in fish. We also provided a brief discussion on the effects of nonylphenol-induced toxicity on endocrine systems and their interactions in fish as a demonstration of holistic explanation. Results: Currently-available data showed that thyroid dysfunction is associated with reproductive toxicity due to changes in steroidogenic gene expressions and sex hormone levels as well as gonad glands in fish. As an example, we demonstrated that exposure to nonylphenol could induce estrogenicity in male fish by decreasing thyroid hormones, which contributes to increased aromatase expression. Although the mechanisms are complicated and involved in multiple ways, a number of studies have shown that sex steroids influence the HPT axis or the HPA axis in fish, indicating bi-directional crosstalk. Critically missing is information on the primary target or toxicity mechanisms of environmental contaminants among the three endocrine axes, so further studies are needed to explore those possibilities. Conclusions: This review highlights the interactions between the HPG, HPT, and HPA axes in fish in order to better understand how these endocrine systems could interact with each other in situations of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2015

We investigated the differences in the expression of the neurohormones kisspeptin (Kiss) and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom), gonadotropin hormones (GTHs), and sex steroids in the goldfish Carassius auratus exposed to light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The expression levels of Kiss1, Kiss2, G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), GTHs, GnIH, and P450arom were compared between the control (white light) and LED-treated goldfish. Furthermore, we measured the plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The levels of Kiss1 mRNA and protein; Kiss2, GPR54, and $GTH{\alpha}$ protein; GTH mRNA; and plasma FSH and LH in the hypothalamus and cultured hypothalamus cells were significantly higher in the green and purple LED treatment groups than in the other groups. These results suggested that red LEDs inhibit the sex maturation hormones, Kiss, GPR54, GTHs, and P450arom, and that GnIH plays a role in the negative regulation of reproductive function in goldfish.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2000년도 The 7th International Symposium
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• pp.116-122
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• 2000

The molecular modification of antiepileptic drugs and direct synthesis of new drugs with the predetermined antiepileptic properties are perspective. New neurochemical attacking to solve the problem including prevention and inhibition of seizures seems to be related to ginsenosides and ginseng polypeptides. The main study based on the severity of febrile convulsions of rat pups has been done from the earlier investigations of antiepileptical action of ginsenosides between KGTRI and MSU (Chepurnov, Park et al., 1995) with different kinds of experimental models of epilepsy. From the cultured cell line DAN25 of ginseng root, the extracts of ginsenosides made in "BIOKHIMMASH" were studied by the project of preclinical anticonvulsant screening (Stables, Kupferberg, 1997). The inhibition of severity of convulsions, decrease of seizures threshold, decrease of audiogenic seizures in rats of different strains and normalization of cerebral blood flow (measured by hydrogen test) were demonstrated in rats after i.c.v., intraperitoneally and orally administration, respectively. The antiepileptical effects by the combination of compounds from ginseng; were compared with the iuluence of Rg1, Rb1, Rc and with the well known antiepileptical drugs such as carbamazepine, valproic acid. The base for the research is obtained by using the WAG/Rij strain (Luijtelaar, Coenen, Kuznetcova), an excellent genetic model for human generalized absence epilepsy. The improving action of gensinosides was effectively demonstrated on the model of electrical kindling of amygdala of WAG/Rij rats with genetically determined absences, and the influences of ginsenosides on the slow wave discharges have also been being investigated. The different characteristics of a kindling process exerted in the sex-different region of the amygdala and demonstrated that the level of sex steroids and content of neurosteroids in amygdaloid tissue can modify the development of seizures. The chemical structures of ginsenosides not only have some principal differences from well-known antiepileptical drugs but the Plant Pharmacology gives us unique possibility to develop new class of antiepileptic drugs and to improve its biological activity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.651-662
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• 2006

프탈레이트 에스테르는 플라스틱 가소제로서 이용되며 또한 유제품과 같은 음식에서 미량으로 발견되고, 종종 내분비 교란물질로 의심되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 DBP, DINP 또는 DEHA의 주산기 노출이 랫트에 있어 성 성숙 후, 번식기능 특히 뇌의 성분화에 어떤 영향을 끼치는 지에 대해 조사하였다. 이를 수행하기 위해서, 어미에게 식물성 에스트로겐의 함유가 낮은 분말 사료에 다음과 같은 단계적 농도의 DBP (20, 200, 2000, 10000 ppm), DINP (40, 400, 4000, 20000 ppm), DEHA (480, 2400, 12000 ppm)를 혼합한 후, 임신 15일째부터 출생 후, 21일째 (이유기)까지 섭취 시켰고, 성 성숙 후, 혈청 성호르몬 및 성선자극호르몬의 레벨과 교배행동 및 성주기 회귀를 분석하였다. 그 결과, DBP, DINP 또는 DEHA의 주산기 노출에 의한 생후 20~21주째의 암수 랫트에 있어, 성호르몬 및 성선자극호르몬의 레벨뿐만 아니라 암컷의 성주기의 회귀에 대해 어떠한 영향을 주지 않았다. 이것은 시상하부－하수체－성선축의 내분비계를 제어하는 뇌의 성분화에는 이들 화학물질이 영향을 주지 않았다는 사실을 시사한다. 하지만, 수컷의 성행동 특히, 사정 (ejaculation)과 암컷의 로도시스 반응이 억제되는 것이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과로부터 DBP, DINP 또는 DEHA의 주산기 노출은 성선자극 호르몬의 분비에는 영향을 주지 않지만, 성행동을 제어하는 시상하부의 어떤 영역에 직접적으로 작용할 가능성 즉, 뇌의 성분화에 영향을 끼쳐 성 성숙 후, 성 특이적 행동을 억제시킬 가능성을 시사한다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.29-32
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• 2002

Studies till date suggest the existence of a fetal biological clock in suprachiasmatic nuclei entrained by the circadian signal from mother. Melatonin from maternal pineal gland reaches to the fetus by crossing every biological barrier including placenta, hence fetuses were exposed to similar melatonin variation as their mother. Experimental modulations of maternal pineal gland activity of pregnant females either by exposing the them to different photoperiodic schedules or by exogenous melatonin treatments till the date of parturition, regulated the fetal plasma level of melatonin, thereby the prenatal (fetal) growth and development. This clearly suggests the maternal transport of melatonin to their fetus through placenta since fetal retina-hypothalamic tract was incomplete. An extension of experimental schedules till 60 days of post-partum period regulated the neonatal pineal gland activity and gonadal maturation along with their plasma levels of melatonin and sex steroids suggesting clearly the phenomenon of maternal transfer of melatonin to their young ones during the post-natal period, when the neonates were solely dependent on the mother's milk for their nutrition and energetic demands. On the basis of above observations we may suggest that the maternal pineal gland activity regulate the prenatal development by passing its melatonin to fetus via placenta and post-natal growth and sexual maturation by passing maternal melatonin to neonates via milk. Hence, the photoperiod perceived by mother is translated into the maternal plasma level of melatonin which not only regulates the prenatal but also the post-natal growth and sexual maturation of neonates.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.874-880
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• 1996

The effects of an anabolic steroid, nandrolone phenylpropionate(NPP), on body weight gain and body protein, and muscle protein metabolism were inestigated in adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH)-treated male and female rats. Daily injections of 100ug/day of ACTH for 7-8 days caused a cessation of growth in females and a net loss of body weight in males which were associated with significant reductions in body protein content. However, food intake was not affected by ACTH in either sex. The weight, protein content and fractional rate of protein synthesis, measured in vivo, of gastrocnemius muscle were all significantly reduced in both sexes. NPP at a dose of 4mg/kg body weight prevented the reduction in body weight gain in ACTH-treate females but not in males. However, boy protein content was increased by NPP in both sexes which was associated with increases in the weight, protein content and fractional rate of protein synthesis of gastrocnemius muscle. ACTH treatment caused a marked increase in plasma concentrations of corticosterone in both sexes. NPP suppressed much of the increases in corticosterone concentrations in both sexes. The results of the present study suggest that NPP exerts at least part of its anabolic effect by reducing plasma concentrations of catabolic glucocorticoid hormones, through suppressing the response of the adrenals to ACTH.