• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.593-598
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• 2007

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of sex steroid hormones(estrogen, testosterone and 19-nortestosterone) on differentiation and proliferation of pig preadipocytes. The preadipocytes were isolated from the backfat of new-born female pigs by collagenase digestion. 10－8M and 10－7M sex steroid hormones were treated to the cultured preadipocytes. Sex steroid hormones treated during the early stage of cell growth did not affect differentiation and proliferation of preadipocytes. However, testosterone and 19- nortestosterone treated during the late stage of cell growth stimulated differentiation of pig preadipocytes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2010

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of sex steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone and 19-nortestosterone) on proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes of female and male pigs. The preadipocytes were isolated from the backfat of new-born female and male pigs by collagenase digestion and cultured in the $CO_2$ incubator. The concentration of $10^{-7}M$ and 10-6M sex steroid hormones were treated to the cultured preadipocytes. Regarding the effects on preadipocytes proliferation, high concentration ($10^{-6}M$) of all the three hormones increased proliferation of female preadipocytes,and only estrogen and testosterone increased proliferation of male preadipocytes. Regarding the effects on preadipocyte differentiation, all the three hormones increased differentiation of pig preadipocytes, regardless of hormone concentrations and sex of preadipocytes. The degree of stimulation of cell differentiation by sex steroid hormones was greater than that of cell proliferation.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2006

Sex steroids are generally considered as natural sex inducers in fish, and aromatase (cytochrome P450 aromatase) that catalyzes androgens into estrogens in the steroidogenic pathway is also known to be involved in sex differentiation. The timing of aromatase action is, thus, of central importance in the study of fish sex differentiation. We treated sexually undifferentiated tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae with $Fadrozole^{TM}$, a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI), by immersing the fish in a solution containing AI during the sex differentiation period to narrow down the critical period of aromatase action. Fish were treated once at 11 or 13 days post fertilization (dpf), or twice at 11 and 13 dpf. The concentrations of AI at each time of the treatment were 0 mg/L (control), 50 mg/L or 100 mg/L. Survival rate was not statistically associated with AI immersion treatment (p>0.25). However, sex ratio was significantly altered by the treatment, with higher concentration and double immersion being more effective in masculinizing genetic females (p<0.05). These results suggest that aromatase action for sex differentiation in this fish species would begin at least from 11 dpf which is much earlier than previously expected, and that only 3 hours of brief immersion in AI solution is powerful enough to alter genetically programed sex.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.227-244
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine how the family of origin and self-disclosure of unmarried persons in early adulthood affected their own intimacy with the opposite sex, which was one of the major developmental tasks for them. The findings of the study are as follows: First, the self-differentiation, self-disclosure, and intimacy with the opposite sex of the single male and female adults investigated were generally at a moderate level. Second, for self-differentiation, the background variables of the male and female adults made no statistically significant difference. For self-disclosure, the background variables of the female adults made no statistically significant difference to that, but the male adults differed significantly from one another in that regard according to their family makeup and birth of order. As for connections between the background variables of the single male and female adults and their intimacy with the opposite sex, the male adults varied in that aspect with their birth order, and whether they were dating and considered getting married made a difference to that as well. In the event of the female adults, whether they considered getting married and how long they were dating made a difference in their intimacy with the opposite sex. Third, concerning the relative influence of the self-differentiation and self-disclosure of the unmarried male and female adults on their intimacy with the opposite sex, their intimacy with the opposite sex improved as division occurred from their original families, when they opened themselves up to more people, when they thought of marriage more and when they were dating for a longer period of time.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.138-143
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• 2011

In spite of abundant clinical resources of stroke patients, the objective and logical data analyses or diagnostic systems were not established in oriental medicine. As a part of researches for standardization and objectification of differentiation of syndromes for stroke, in this present study, we tried to develop the statistical diagnostic tool discriminating the 4 subtypes of syndrome differentiation using the essential indices considering the sex. Discriminant analysis was carried out using clinical data collected from 1,448 stroke patients who was identically diagnosed for the syndrome differentiation subtypes diagnosed by two clinical experts with more than 3 year experiences. Empirical discriminant model(V) for different sex was constructed using 61 significant symptoms and sign indices selected by stepwise selection. We comparison. We make comparison a between discriminant model(V) and discriminant model(IV) using 33 significant symptoms and sign indices selected by stepwise selection. Development of statistical diagnostic tool discriminating 4 subtypes by sex : The discriminant model with the 24 significant indices in women and the 19 significant indices in men was developed for discriminating the 4 subtypes of syndrome differentiation including phlegm-dampness, qi-deficiency, yin-deficiency and fire-heat. Diagnostic accuracy and prediction rate of syndrome differentiation by sex : The overall diagnostic accuracy and prediction rate of 4 syndrome differentiation subtypes using 24 symptom and sign indices was 74.63%(403/540) and 68.46%(89/130) in women, 19 symptom and sign indices was 72.05%(446/619) and 70.44%(112/159) in men. These results are almost same as those of that the overall diagnostic accuracy(73.68%) and prediction rate(70.59%) are analyzed by the discriminant model(IV) using 33 symptom and sign indices selected by stepwise selection. Considering sex, the statistical discriminant model(V) with significant 24 symptom and sign indices in women and 19 symptom and sign indices in men, instead of 33 indices would be used in the field of oriental medicine contributing to the objectification of syndrome differentiation with parsimony rule.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.401-406
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• 2008

Early gonadal development and sexual differentiation of dark-banded rockfish (Sebastes inermis Cuvier) were followed from parturition to 400 days post parturition (dpp). During this period, average total length (TL) increased from 0.57 to 13.18 cm. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were first detected at 0.68 cm TL (10 dpp). When fish reached 1.52 cm TL (50 dpp), initial stages of ovarian differentiation were identified by the presence of PGCs containing condensed chromatin and their transformation into meiotic oocytes. At 10.23 cm TL (300 dpp), the ovaries gradually developed into oocytes in the primary yolk stages. Ovary growth was rapid after sex differentiation, but testis tissue continued to multiply without growing until fish reached 6.97 cm TL (200 dpp), after which the production of spermatocytes, spermatogonia, and cyst cells was apparent. Histological analysis of gonadal structure suggested a gonochoristic sexual development pathway. Our analysis of the sex ratio at 400 dpp showed a significantly higher proportion of males.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.367-377
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• 2016

Red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara, is a popular aquaculture species and a protogynous hermaphrodite. Induction of artificial sex change at the time of primary sex differentiation is of interest but has not been successful due to the lack of necessary basic information. To find out the potential neuroendocrine influence on the primary sex differentiation, the expression of key genes in the brain was investigated during the formation of ovarian cavity. Expression of cyp19a1b, esr1, gnrhr1, fsh, lh and cga in the brain was positively associated with the formation of ovarian cavity, showing gradual increase as the formation proceeds. However, the expression of gnrh1 was suppressed during the early part of the ovarian cavity formation, signifying potential hypothalamic influence on the primary sex differentiation in this species.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.195-203
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• 2007

Sex determination and sex differentiation are influenced by genotype in many gonochoristic fish. Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) is the terminal enzyme in steridogenic pathway that converts androgens into estrogens. In this study, partial fragments of aromatase genes (ovarian aromatase, P450aromA and brain aromatase, P450aromB) were cloned and sequenced in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli), and gene specific primers were designed based on their sequences. Using these primers, aromatase gene expression during sex differentiation was investigated by RT-PCR. Expression of these aromatase genes were detected both in the head and body parts at 35 dab (days after birth). The number of fish that expressed the aromatase genes decreased at 52 dab, implying down-regulation of these genes. However, these genes were expressed at 59 dab in almost all fish studied here. The expression patterns of both genes are similar throughout the investigated period except for 45 dab where the expression of P450aromB was detected in more fish than that of P450aromA both in the head and body parts. Timing of sex differentiation in this species has been shown to be at around $50{\sim}65$ dab by histological analysis. However, the results from this study suggest that sex differentiation of rockfish may take place $1{\sim}2$ weeks earlier than the period proposed previously. The results also suggest that the mechanism of sex differentiation in viviparous fish may be similar to that in oviparous fish in terms of the importance of aromatase action during the critical period.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2003

Uterine stromal tumors with features of ovarian sex-cord differentiation are relatively rare. The neoplasms composed of sex cord-like components in more than 50% of the tumor are classified as group II. We report the cytologic findings of a case of uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex-cord tumor. The cervical smears of a 62-year-old woman with submucosal tumor showed loose aggregates of spindle cells as well as glandular or tubular structures of round cells with a distinct ceil membrane and a prominent small nucleolus. Because uterine stromal tumor can have sex cord differentiation, its possibility should be considered in the interpretation of cervical smears.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2014

This study describes the developmental process of gonads in chameleon goby, Tridentiger trigonocephalus from the stage of hatching to 100 days after hatching (DAH). Based on histological observation, the primordial germ cells were observed in mesentery between mesonephric duct and gut at 15 DAH (total length, TL: $6.8{\pm}0.2mm$). At 20 DAH (TL: $7.9{\pm}0.1mm$), the primordial gonad began to protrude into peritoneal cavity and developed between mesonephric duct and gut. Initial ovarian differentiation was identified by the presence of ovarian cavity and oogonia in the gonads at 55 DAH (TL: $21.1{\pm}1.3mm$). Testicular differentiation started at 65 DAH (TL: $23.7{\pm}0.9mm$) with appearance of spermatogonial cells in the gonads. These findings indicate that sex differentiation in T. trigonocephalus occurs earlier in females than males, suggesting that this species can be classified as an undifferentiated gonochorist.