• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2016

Objective: The aims of this study were to assess the direction and degree of lip-line cant in Korean adult orthodontic patients and to identify the effects of sex and age on changes in the cant severity. Methods: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, lip-line cant was measured in the frontal photographs of 585 Korean patients (92 men and 493 women) aged 18-48 years. The outcome variables (direction and degree of lip-line cant) were assessed in terms of predictor variables (sex, age, sagittal skeletal relationship, and menton deviation angle). Results: The direction of lip-line cant did not differ according to sex, age, or skeletal classification. Patients had $1.6^{\circ}$ of lip-line cant on average before orthodontic treatment. Middle-aged adults displayed a significant trend toward a lower degree of lip-line cant compared to younger adults (p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the degree of lip-line cant was weakly negatively correlated with age (p < 0.001). Conclusions: While the direction of lip-line cant did not differ according to the parameters explored here, the degree of cant was correlated with age in adults, independent of menton deviation. Specifically, middle-aged adults tended to display significantly lower degrees of lip-line cant than did younger adults.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권3호통권71호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2007

Objectives : The objective of this study was to assess whether there were sex differences in stroke types, risk factors, warning signs, and stroke complications among patients with first-ever stroke. Methods : Six-hundred seventy six patients with first-ever stroke were recruited at the Department Cardiovascular and Neurologic Diseases (Stroke center) of KyungHee University Oriental Hospital, DongGuk University International Hospital, and Kyungwon University In-cheon Oriental Medical Hospital from September 2005 to June 2007. Patients were hospitalized within 28 days after the onset of stroke. We investigated their stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes by TOAST classification, risk factors, warning signs, stroke complications, general characteristics such as age, sex, etc. Results : Overall, 347 patients were male and 279 female. Compared with males, female patients were significantly older (mean age 67.3${\pm}$1.1 versus 62.4${\pm}$1.6 years) (P=0.000). We did not find significant sex differences in stroke types or ischemic stroke subtypes by TOAST classification. History of hypertension was significantly more frequent in female than male patients (P=0.000). Among stroke complications, urinary tract infection was significantly more frequent in female than male patients (P=0.003). Among warning signs, blepharospasm was significantly more frequent in female than male patients (P=0.006). Conclusions : Knowledge of sex differences of stroke patients can help us gain better insights on the characteristics of stroke patients. We need further and larger scale research to acquire more concrete conclusions on this theme.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.30-50
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• 2007

1. Objectives Facial features are the important personal characteristics. As a study of all the standardization research about the morphology of face and head, this study was carried out to find the differences according to sex, age. 2. Methods We have collected 1140 cases of patients of the Sasang constitutional Department of Kyung-Hee Medical Center and Kangnam Kyung-Hee Oriental Hospital. we took pictures their frontal view, lateral view of face and measured height, breaths and projected length of face with Face Features Measurement Program(FFMP) and analyzed shape differences of face according to sex, age. 3. Results We got the morphologic characteristics of face according to sex, age. And we will upgrade the Sasangin Classification System by this Morphologic study of Head and Face. 4. Conclusions 1) The morphologic characteristics of face according to sex (1) A man's head is longer and wider than a woman's in most measurement. (2) A woman's eye is bigger in height than man's. (3) A woman's face is looked full-filled than man's. (4) A man's polion is higher than pupil but a woman's polion is lower than pupil. 2) The morphologic characteristics of face according to age (1) Young age's forehead is longer and higher than old age's. (2) Young age's eyebrow is wider than old age's (3) Young age's eye is bigger in height than old age's (4) Old age's nose is longer, wider and lower than young age's (5) Old age's ear is longer than young age's (6) Old age's bigonial breath is wider than young age's (7) Old age's low face is extinguished than you age's

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2006

Objectives : Patients who visit oriental medical hospital for growth treatment are increasing. So we aimed to classify the tendency of the patients. Methods : We studied 231 patients who visited Oriental medical hospital for growth treatment from January 2004 to August 2005. We classified sex ratio, height percentile, symptom form of the Oriental medicine, age ratio and developed complication of patients. We used X-ray, endoscope for nasal cavity, blood sample, the Standard Growth Table made by the Korean Association of Pediatrics, 1998. Results : The results which were classified as follows; boys were 50.2 percentile, girls were 49.8 percentile. The classification according to age stage resulted as follows; infant stage 1.3 percentile, preschool age 13.4%, school age 28.6%, rapid growth stage 22.9 percentile, puberty 33.8 percentile. The classification according to height percentile resulted as follows; 3 percentile or under 12.1%, 25 percentile or under 48.9%, 50 percentile or under 25.6%, 75 percentile or under 10.8%, 75 percentile excess 2.6%. The classification according to disease resulted as follows; paranasal sinusitis 12.1 percentile, allergic rhinitis 10 percentile, atopic dermatitis 5.6 percentile, nocturia 3 percentile, convulsion or tic disorder 2.2 percentile, precocious puberty 1.3 percentile, Tuner syndrome 0.9 percentile, developmental disability 0.4 percentile. Conclusions : Sex ratio of children patients who visited Orienatal medical hospital were nearly the same. 13.4% of hospital visit children patients were taller than average. Most of the male children patients were school ages while the female were in puberty. 35.5% of them have developed complication as follows; paranasal sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, nocturia, convulsion or tic disorder, precocious puberty, Tuner syndrome and developmental disability.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2010

Over the past few years, a considerable number of methods have been proposed and applied for the classification of photoplethysmography (PPG). Most of the previous studies, however, focused on the qualitative description of the pulse type according to specific disease and thus provided ambiguous criteria to interpreters. In order to screen out this problem, we present a quantitative method for the pulse type classification including the second derivative of photoplethysmography (SDPTG). In the PPG signal, we have classified the signal as 4 types using the position and the presence of the dicrotic wave. In addition, we have categorized the SDPTG signal as 7 types using the position and the presence of "c" and "d" wave and the sign of "c" wave. In order to check the efficacy of the proposed pulse type classification rule, we collected pulse signals from 155 subjects with different ages and sex. From the correlation analysis, Class 1(p<0.01) and Class 2(p<0.01) in the PPG signal are significantly correlated with ages. In a similar manner Class A(p<0.01), Class C(p<0.05), Class D(p<0.01), and Class F(p<0.01) in the SDPTG signal are considerably correlated with the ages. From these observations, and some earlier ones [4], [5], we can conclude that since the newly proposed method has objectivity and clarity in pulse type classification, this method can be used as an alternative of previous classification rules including similar age-related characteristics.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2022

Background: The treatment approach for proximal humeral fractures is determined by various factors, including patient age, sex, dominant arm, fracture pattern, presence of osteoporosis, preexisting arthritis, rotator cuff status, and medical comorbidities. However, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the optimal treatment for displaced proximal humeral fractures. This study aimed to assess and quantify the decision-making process for either conservative or surgical treatment and the choice of surgical method among shoulder surgeons when treating proximal humeral fractures. Methods: Forty sets of true anteroposterior view, scapular Y projection view, and three-dimensional computed tomography of proximal humeral fractures were provided to 12 shoulder surgeons along with clinical information. Surveys regarding Neer classification, decisions between conservative and surgical treatments, and chosen methods were conducted twice with an interval of 2 months. The factors affecting the treatment plans were also assessed. Results: The inter-rater agreement was fair for Neer classification (kappa=0.395), moderate for the decision between conservative and surgical treatments (kappa=0.528), and substantial for the chosen method of surgical treatment (kappa=0.740). The percentage of agreement was 71.1% for Neer classification, 84.6% for the decision between conservative and surgical treatment, and 96.4% for the chosen method of surgical treatment. The fracture pattern was the most crucial factor in deciding between conservative and surgical treatments, followed by age and physical activity. Conclusions: The decision between conservative and surgical treatment for proximal humeral fractures showed good agreement, while the chosen method between osteosynthesis and arthroplasty showed substantial agreement among shoulder surgeons.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.197-207
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• 2022

Purpose: This study evaluated the associations of the dental arch form, age-sex groups, and sagittal root position (SRP) with alveolar bone thickness of the maxillary central incisors using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 280 patients were categorized based on the dental arch form and age-sex groups. From these patients, 560 sagittal CBCT images of the maxillary central incisors were examined to measure the labial and palatal bone thickness at the apex level and the palatal bone at the mid-root level, according to the SRP classification. The chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple linear regression were used for statistical analyses. Results: Significant differences were found in alveolar bone thickness depending on the arch form and SRP at the apex level. The square dental arch form and class I SRP showed the highest bone thickness at both levels of the palatal aspect. The taper dental arch form and class II SRP presented the highest bone thickness at the apex level of the labial aspect. No association was found between the dental arch form and SRP. Elderly women showed a significant association with thinner alveolar bone. Age-sex group, the dental arch form, and SRP had significant associations with alveolar bone thickness at the apex level. Conclusion: The patient's age-sex group, dental arch form, and SRP were associated with alveolar bone thickness around the maxillary central incisors with varying magnitudes. Therefore, clinicians should take these factors into account when planning immediate implant placement.

• 종양간호연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2005

Back ground: Nurses now occupy one third of all hospital human resources. Therefore, efficient management of nursing manpower is getting more important. While it is very clear that nursing workload requirement analysis and patient severity classification should be done first for the efficient allocation of nursing workforce, these processes have been conducted manually with ad hoc rule. Purposes: This study was tried to make a predict model for patient classification according to nursing need. We tried to find the easier and faster method to classify nursing patients that can help efficient management of nursing manpower. Methods: The nursing patient classifications data of the hospitalized cancer patients in one of the biggest cancer center in Korea during 2003.1.1-2003.12.31 were assessed by trained nurses. This study developed a prediction model and analyzing nursing needs by data mining techniques. Patients were classified by three different data mining techniques, (Logistic regression, Decision tree and Neural network) and the results were assessed. Results: The data set was created using 165,073 records of 2,228 patients classification database. Main explaining variables were as follows in 3 different data mining techniques. 1) Logistic regression : age, month and section. 2) Decision tree : section, month, age and tumor. 3) Neural network : section, diagnosis, age, sex, metastasis, hospital days and month. Among these three techniques, neural network showed the best prediction power in ROC curve verification. As the result of the patient classification prediction model developed by neural network based on nurse needs, the prediction accuracy was 84.06%. Conclusion: The patient classification prediction model was developed and tested in this study using real patients data. The result can be employed for more accurate calculation of required nursing staff and effective use of labor force.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to assess incidental abnormal findings in the paranasal sinuses and anatomical variations of the ostiomeatal complex (OMC) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Materials and Methods: MRI scans of 616 patients (mean age, 44.0±19.4 years) were evaluated. Prior to obtaining the MRI scans, a checklist of patients' clinical symptoms was filled out after obtaining their consent. The Lund-Mackay classification was used to assess the paranasal sinuses and OMC. The prevalence of abnormal findings and their associations with patients' age, sex, and subjective symptoms were analyzed by the chi-square test, independent-sample t-test, and analysis of variance. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Abnormal findings in the paranasal sinuses were detected in 32.0% of patients, with a significantly higher prevalence in males (P<0.05), but no significant association with age (P>0.05). Epithelial thickening and retention cyst were the most common abnormal findings in the paranasal sinuses. According to the Lund-Mackay classification, 93% of the study population had normal sinuses (score<4). Concha bullosa and paradoxical concha were detected in 15.3% and 3.4%, respectively, with no significant association with the presence of septal deviation or Lund-Mackay classification (P>0.05). Conclusion: Considering the relatively high prevalence of abnormal findings in the paranasal sinuses, it appears that clinical symptoms alone are not sufficient to diagnose sinusitis. A more accurate strategy would be to assess radiographic images of the paranasal sinuses and use a classification system. Sinusitis should be suspected in patients receiving a high score in this classification.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.136-149
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• 2023

Objectives: Facial diagnosis is an important part of clinical diagnosis in traditional East Asian Medicine. In this paper, we proposed a model to quantitatively classify cold sensitivity using a fully automated facial image analysis system. Methods: We investigated cold sensitivity in 452 subjects. Cold sensitivity was determined using a questionnaire and the Cold Pattern Score (CPS) was used for analysis. Subjects with a CPS score below the first quartile (low CPS group) belonged to the cold non-sensitivity group, and subjects with a CPS score above the third quartile (high CPS group) belonged to the cold sensitivity group. After splitting the facial images into train/validation/test sets, the train and validation set were input into a convolutional neural network to learn the model, and then the classification accuracy was calculated for the test set. Results: The classification accuracy of the low CPS group and high CPS group using facial images in all subjects was 76.17%. The classification accuracy by sex was 69.91% for female and 62.86% for male. It is presumed that the deep learning model used facial color or facial shape to classify the low CPS group and the high CPS group, but it is difficult to specifically determine which feature was more important. Conclusions: The experimental results of this study showed that the low CPS group and the high CPS group can be classified with a modest level of accuracy using only facial images. There was a need to develop more advanced models to increase classification accuracy.