• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.1 s.215
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• pp.47-58
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• 2006

The purposes of this research were to evaluate the effects of the sex education program on sexual knowledge and sexual attitude, and to provide fundamental information on sex education for middle school students. The research design was comparison and experimental groups including pre-test and post-test. The study subjects were 160 male middle school students in Pusan: 80 students of the experimental group and 80 students of the comparison group. The experimental group showed the significant differences from the comparison group in terms of sexual knowledge and sexual attitude. Through formative evaluation, students recognized human sexuality, especially in the areas of physical change, psychological change, dating, sexual drives and sexual violence. This sexual education program was designed with literature review and participated students' requests.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.93-109
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to investigate the direction and strategy of education for sex role concepts of children on the basis of factor analysis of the present situation in sex role concepts and their formation. Although some maintain that sex role concept of our society has been changing slowly, the traditional sex role concept still dominates and is potentially immanent. the analysis of present condition of our society indicates that the formal as well as informal education are facing with various crucial problems in providing the direction of behavior demanded for carrying out the role. The close analysis of the three theories, psychoanalytic theory , social learning theory, cognitive development theory, lends a support to the laim of the study that cognitive development theory provide an integrated frame of reference for us to see the sex role education analytically Furthermore, the factors which are found to have influences on the formation of sex role have been analyzed in three areas: Family, School and society. 1)The factors in family such as parental behavior of upbringing and their concepts of sex role have a direct relationship with the nature of sex tole concept of children. Therefore, the first step to make children to habe a new type of sex-role conception appropriate for modern societies is to change that of parental conception and attitudes. 2)the quantitative as well as the qualitative aspects of school education showed no exceptional trend from the dominant conception of the society, although school are expected to lead the society as formal education institution rather than just reflect the society. The educational activities and contents such as the conceived goal of education for eoch sex, textbook constitation, teaching behavior and sex-role concepts of teacher are found to be still dominated by the traditional sex-role assumption. 3) The social factors that have direct relationship with children's sex-role formation are social and cultural, which include social milieu, condition of employment, family structure and mass-media. Since family and school do not educate the young in a social vacuum. their educational function of sex-role formation are doomed to be limited and determined by these social factors. Unfortunately, the analysis of present conditions showed the dominance of traditional types of sex-role concepts in all these social factors. The education of sex-role concept for children should be treated as one of the most crucial value problems related with many other important problems, such as direction and patterns of behaviors of each sex, the degree of self-development and capabilities, and consequently human right, equality, humanization and the quality of happiness. Neverthless, the analysis of researches on sex-role education which have been surveyed in this study lead to a conclusion that concerted effort to change the education, formal as well as informal should be provided in every aspect of social life. If the sex role education of the past has aimed at the "feminization"of girls which indoctrinate girls into a limited and fixed role of house wives, the new education in the future should be directed foward "humanization" of both sexes which opens the diversity of roles for both boys and girl on equal levels and provide future possibilities in accordance to their individual capabilities and interests.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.200-221
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• 1995

The confusion of the sense of value on sex is increasing because of the rapid change in social-cultural environment. Also due to a rise in the standard of living, the age of adolescence is getting lower, and so the second sexual marks appear to primary schoolers. At this time in the aspect of the education for the whole man, it's very important for primary schoolers to acquire right knowledge and desirable attitude on sex so that can overcome psychological instability caused by physical growth, be responsible for their behaviors and lead happy lives. This study was made to find out the effects of sex education for the primary schoolers' knowledge and attitude about sex. The study was designed as simulated control group pretest-posttest design, which only pretest was practiced to control group and after sex education only posttest was practiced to experimental group. The data was collected for 18 days from March 13, 1995 to March 31, 1995. The subjects of this study were 130 six-graders in a private primary school in seoul. The control group and experimental group were composed of 65 pupils, each. Sex education consisted of lecture and discussion and the materials were this researcher's own made, 'How do I grow? and related OHP film and video. This education was practiced 40 minutes at a time, at intervals of 2-4 days' six times during 3weeks. For sex knowledge tools, 20 item questionaries on the base of related reference books and contents of this study were used. For sex attitude tools, this researcher's own made 13 item questionaries were used which were revised and complemented and laying stress on the reference books. The data was analyzed through pc-SAS program. The homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics of experimental and control group was analyzed through $x^2$-test and t-test. And the difference in the primary schoolers' score on knowledge and attitude about sex before and after the sex education was analyzed through t-test and ANCOVA. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The result of the homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics of the experimental and control group showed that there were significant differences in economic standard($x^2$=2.92, P=0.052) and brotherly ties($x^2$=3.78, P=0.052). 2. Hypothesis 'After sex education, the score of primary schoolers' sex knowledge will be higher than before. 'showed statistically significant difference.(t=11.99, P=.0001) Sex education was practiced under control over subjective view of economic standard and brotherly ties which showed significant difference at the homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics between the two groups. After this education, the results of comparing the score of primary schoolers' sex knowledge also showed significant difference between the two groups. So hypothesis I was supported since primary schoolers to have education showed noticeable results in the sex knowledge score. (F=16.52, P=.0001) 3. Hypothesis 'After sex education, primary schooler's sex attitude score will be higher than before' showed statistically significant(t=5.08, P=.0001) Sex education was practiced, too, under control over subjective view of economic standard and brotherly ties which showed significant difference at the homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics between the two groups. Bat this time the results of comparing the primary schoolers' sex attitude showed no significant difference between the two groups. So hypothesis II was rejected since for primary schoolers to have sex education showed no noticeable results in sex attitude score. (F=3.52, P=.0628) These results of the study show that sex education gives affirmative change to the primary schooler's sex knowledge, bat short periods' sex education doesn't give any change to the sex attitude. For the establishment of the pupils' desirable sex attitude, systematic and concrete sex education fit for the pupils' developing stage should be practiced over a long period of time.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.389-403
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of sexual education on sex knowledge and attitude in elementary school students. Method: Questionnaire data were collected from 4 elementary schools located in Y-gu, Seoul. Final participants included 512 older school-age children. Results: There were significant differences in the degree of sex knowledge (t=-28.35, p<.001) and attitude (t=-18.44, p<.001) between the pretest and the post-test. The degree of sex knowledge changed significantly according to grade, sex, and experience with sex-related questions, and the degree of sex attitude changed significantly according to grade and sex. There was a significant correlation in the degree of change between sex knowledge and attitude (r=.28, p<.001). Conclusion: In this study, sex education for elementary school students effectively changed sex knowledge and attitude. Sex education is recommended elementary school students as well as adolescents in order to encourage responsibility in desirable sex behavior.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.232-249
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• 1999

The purpose of the study was to analyze the experiences of and the unmet needs for sex education of university students during their primary and secondary education. Development and refinement strategies of the sex education curriculum were constructed using the words of university students. The study was conducted during the second trimester of 1998 and the first trimester of 1999. and 356 male and female students were asked to submit weekly descriptive reports on the proposed issues related to sex education. The data were collected and analyzed by the researcher to present and summarize the in-depth meanings . The results were as follows: 1) The problems of the present sex education of primary and secondary education curriculum : it was revealed as too superficial and conventional: it brought about adverse effects because it was not efficient: also it was insufficient and not appropriate to the level of the students. The erroneous stereotypes of our society towards the sexuality act as barriers to effective sex education. 2) The abstract needs for sex education revealed on the analysis of adjectives used by the students were: 'honest, interesting, easy, useful, and correct' 3) The concrete needs for the sex education were: correct understanding of sexuality, establishment of the right sense of values towards sexuality, understanding of male and female sex psychology, knowledge of solutions for sexual problems 4) The developmental strategies for the sex education curriculum were structural, comprehensive, broad, and sufficient education content, concrete and honest explanations about sexuality : provision of early sex education; sex education provided by the parents ; establishment of an open environment for the sex education, graded education reflecting the developmental stages of the youngsters ; up-to-date sex education; preservation of the perspectives of the youngsters; provision of the same sex education opportunities for both girls and boys; practical use of audiovisual aides; open discussion; development of novel education methods like field trips 5) The change of knowledge, attitudes, and values towards sexuality after finishing the sex education course were: establishment of right sense of value towards sexuality ; reconfirmation of the concepts and value for life; belief of the necessity of sex education; change of attitudes towards womanhood; reinforcement of the self-conceit, consolidation of filial piety; and acquisition of the practical knowledge.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.93-107
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• 2006

Objectives: This research has been conducted in order to conduct sex education using E-Learning which is currently taught to students of women's high school. 138 students at women's high school in Inchon were applied, and then they were divided two different groups: a comparison group of 69 students, a control group of 69 students. Method: A questionnaire used by the literature studies. After verifying content validity, it was modified and supplemented in this way: sex knowledge was 23, and sex attitude 25. Results: 1) Comparison group will show increased marks on sex knowledge after the education than before whereas those from control group. 2) Comparison group will show increased marks on sex attitude after the education than before whereas those from control group. Conclusion: From the results of this research, it can be said that the sex education using E-Learning was the most effective method in improving the sex knowledge and attitude of students at women's high school. Therefore, it is advisable that the sex education methods using E-Learning should be developed and applied continuously.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-74
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• 1980

The present experiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of hypophysectomy and subsequent administration of sex hormone on thyroid, adrenal gland, gonads and blood plasma components in the rat. The jresults obtained were summarized as follows: The weight of the thyroid gland of both male and female hypophysectiomzed rats decreased markedly from 7 days up to 56 days after the hypophysectomy as compared to the control group. The administration of sex hormone (6 mg of testosterone propionate to male and 6 mg of hexestrol to female) to the hypophysectomized rat gave on effect on the change in the weight of the thyroid gland. The hopophysectomy decreased the uptake of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland in both male and female rats with time. Subsequent administration of the sex hormone caused no effect. With regard to the histological changes of the thyroid gland, the hypophysectomy caused significant changes in the gland showing a remarkable degeneration. The function of the gland seemed to disa, pp.ar almost completely on 56th day after the hypophysectomy. Upon the administration of sex hormone after the hypophysectomy, however. the epithelia of the follicle which has changed to flat from has partly returned to its functional cubicfrom and nuclei recovered as nearly as normal. These recovery were more remarkable in the female than in the male. The hypophysectomy kept causing a significant decrease in the weight of the adrenal gland in male and female rats during the period of observation (up to 56 days) as in the case of thyroid gland. The administration of sex hormone has on effect in this respect either. The hypophysectomy also caused a marked morphological change in the gland: zona fasciculata and zona reticularis were dicreased in size quichly after the hypophysectomy. The administraton of the sex hormone to the hypophysectomized rat resulted in clear distinction among the three layers of the adrenal cortex which otherwise very diffused. In the male, this phenomenum was more remarkable than in the female and the pattern of the cell arrangements and the thickening of each layer became similar to those of normal rats. The gonads of both sexes have also kept decreasing in the weight and degenerated in morpohology after the hypophysectomy. However, the degenerate follicle became enlarged after the administration of hexestrol in the female. Furthermore, the vacuoles found in interstitial cells of hypophysectomized rat disa, pp.ared after the administration of testosterone in the male and the formation of spermatocytes seemed to be recovered. Hypophysectomy also caused a gradual increase in the contents of total protein, non-protein nitrogen, total lipid, cholesterol and calcium in the blood plasma with time. The concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood did not change after the hypophysectomy. Sex hormone caused practically no change in above tendency.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 1999

It is very important for elementary school students in sixth grades who are reaching the age of puberty to acquire right knowledge and desirable attitude toward sex so that can overcome psychological instability caused by physical growth, be responsible for their behaviors and lead happy lives. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out the effects of sex educatin in the population of primary school students. The subjects of this study were 767 six-grades in one private and two public elementary school in Seoul. The research tool was a questionnairebased on a literature review. The sex education given to the subjects included 50 minutes lecture. The research methodology included data collection done before and the sex education was given to the subjects, to assess their knowledge of, and attitude toward sex, one week later after the sex education was given to assess change in knowledge of, and attitude to, sex. The data was analyzed through pc-SAS program. real numbers, percentage, 1-test, and ANOVA were utilized. The results of this study are as follows : 1. After sex education, the score of sixth grade elementary students’ sex knowledge was higher than before(t=11.92, p=0.0001) 2. After sex education, the score of sixth grade elementary students’ sex attitude was higher than before (t=2.08, p=0.0373). From the above findings, it can be said that sex education given to the children reaching the age of puberty significantly influences their knowledge of, and attitude toward. Therefore, for children to have the sound knowledge and positive attitude of sec, it is suggested that sex education should be included in their curriculum in order that systematic sex education be practiced.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.8-13
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• 2001

This study was carried out effect of red ginseng extract(1.0g/kg) on organotin compounds (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) which poisons against some organs like thyroid gland, liver, kindey, testis, ovary, serum immuinty and sex hormone activity of rats were examinned by gastric tubing for 3 weeks. The weight of each organ in TBTO treated group were significantly increased other organs which excepted kinedy in males and only liver in females.(p<0.05, p<0.01). In case of Immunity activity of each sex, IgM level was small change comparsion with that of control group in all sex. but IgG level was significantly decreased females rather than males comparsion with that of control group.(p<0.05, p<0.01) In case of sex hormone activity, the testosterone activity of males and the estradiol activity of females were significantly decreased rather than the control group. on the other hand, red singsong treated group was only significantly increased estradiol activity.( p<0.05, p<0.01)

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.21-37
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• 2002

The third sex implying a mismatch between sex and gender has been regarded as an extreme socio-cultural violation. In its earlier version, such a violation was expressed by cross-dressing; Women's cross-dressing was thought to invoke eroticism, while men's cross-dressing was considered comic or delinquent. However, as feminism developed more with the homosexual identity expressed openly, the third sex began to be visual. Thus, in 1990's, some homosexual monies began to develop to be pluralized enough to suggest the third sex and thereby, change the negative sex into a positive one. In this study, such a pluralization is discussed in terms of invisibility, dichotomy and androgyny. The cross-dressing movies show females in male attire or males in female attire to reflect the third sex. The cross-dressing may be divided into men's playful cross-dressing, women's political cross-dressing and homosexuals'cross-dressing or 'drag'. Gender identity is not an attribute fixed by some physical characteristics, but it tends to be changed or expanded by some social factors over time. In short, it may be a flexible, plural, individual and self-introspective attribute. Movies present diverse types of gender identities, and in particular, the movie costumes specify them. In other words, the costumes may be model means expressing the gender identities, and the gender identities shown in the movies tend to be imitated, re-created or assumed by the audience.