• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1976

In this study, noise arresting effect of the noise control room from the transmission of surrounding noise was tested when the packing noise control rooms were set up in the test room in which the prerecorded noise from an engine room was reradiated at the same level as the original pressure. The inner space of control room A is $3.389m^3(1.19\times1.19\times2.14m)$ having walls furnished with plywood board 9mm in thickness and noise control room door$(60\times45cm) $ and illumination lamp are placed. In case of the control room B, noise absorption board(10mm fiber board which holds the corntype concavity with diameter of 5mm, depth 5mm, space 15mm) is adhered to the internal ceiling and styrol foam boards(20mm) to the walls. The other struction is same as the control room A. Type C is the same as B except wool board(Glass Fiber, 33mm) on the walls. Type D is same as type A except that the thickness of wall is 12mm and wood pyramid type cone$(5\times5\times13cm)$ is adhered to the ceiling ana walls(Fig. 1). When the recorded noise and vibrated noise were controlled in various levels. The noise pressure which passed through the control rooms was measured by sound level meter(Bruel & Kjar 2205, measuring range 37-140dB). In order to calculate the absorption rate in the control rooms the noise pressure was measured at different distances when the recorded noise pressure was radiated. The followings are the results obtained from the experiment. 1. When the noise pressure of the test room was 60dB, transmission rate of type A was $69.7\%$ and increased $3.3\%$ per 10dB. At the same condition, the rate was $53.9\%$ and increased $4.5\%$ per 10dB in type D. Type D was the most effective in noise arresting of the four and the effect was D,C,B and A in order(Fig.2). 2. When the oscillator sound and vessels noise were radiated in 1,000Hz, at one meter distance to the type A and D, the oscillator sound pressure were 77dB and 73dB, while the vessels noise pressure were 73.3dB and 66.2dB respectivley(Fig.3). 3. Refering to the influence of the frequency to the lower oscillator sound(1,000Hz) pressure, both type C and D were almost same at 140cm but type C was 0.3dB lower than type D at 20cm distance(Fig.4).

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.15-25
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to survey the hospital staff's perception of hospice and death and thereby, suggest the ways to help them have a mature attitude towards and a better understanding of death through an effective education on hospice. For this purpose, this study was designed to provide some data useful for the hospital staff not experienced in facing the dying patients to handle the desperate situation skillfully and engage themselves more effectively in their hospice services. For this study, the researcher conducted a questionnaire survey for the staff of 'C' hospital in Seoul about their hospice philosophy, attitudes towards hospice and perception of death for the period from February, 2006 to March, 2006. A total of 751 subjects responded effectively to the survey. The data collected were analyzed using the SF55 11.0 for ANOVA and T-test in order to test the relationships among subjects' perception of death, their demographic variables, their health condition, their hospice philosophy formed from their experiences of patients' death and hospice services and their attitudes towards hospice. Besides, the correlations among their hospice philosophy, perception of death and attitudes towards hospice were tested. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; First, as a result of testing the relationships among subjects' experiences of health consulting. their experiences of patients' death and hospice and their hospice philosophy, it was confirmed that their experiences of health and death consulting and their experiences of having been educated were relevant. Second, it was found that such variables as health condition, death, experience of hospice and attitude towards hospice were not significantly correlated with each other. Third, as a consequence of testing the relationships among health condition, death, experience of hospice and perception of death, it was disclosed that only the physical health condition was significant. Fourth, it was confirmed that subjects' hospice philosophy, perception of death and attitudes towards hospice were at the usual level on average. Fifth, hospice philosophy, perception of death and attitudes towards hospice were found correlated significantly with each other. Sixth, as a result of the stepwise variable adjustment for such variables as hospice philosophy, perception of death, attitudes towards hospice, it was found that the adjusted r-square value was 0.347 when departments, experience of having been requested by dying patient for consulting, experience of having been educated on hospice, religion and marital status were set as independent variables. And the estimated value of each variable was found significant. Seventh, as a consequence of conducting the multiple regression analysis by setting 'religion' as significant independent variable, it was found that the estimated value of physical health condition was not significant statistically. This, as a result of the simple regression analysis for 'religion' only, its explanatory power was found .197, while its adjusted r-square value was 0.20. Eight, it was found that subjects' attitude towards hospice was significantly correlated with such variables of experience of patient's or relative's death, experience of having been requested for consulting about death, gender, marital status and departments. As a result of the multiple regression analysis and the subsequent stepwise adjustment for this variable, it was found that only 'experience of having been requested for consulting' had some explanatory power: its adjusted r-square value was 0.089. As discussed above, this study tested the correlations among various variables including hospital staff's attitude towards hospice and perception of death and thereby, provided for the data useful for their education on hospice. This study may be significant in that it proved that it would be essential to educate hospital staff on hospice for more effective care of hospice patients and their family members at hospital.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.2 s.103
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• pp.165-175
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• 2004

Information on the limits of treatment could allow for more rational treatment Planning and better results after treatment. From this point of view, this article has attempted to discuss the limits of orthodontic tooth movement. A relatively wider range of tooth movement is expected after Class III surgical-orthodontics than after conventional orthodontic treatment in general. The purposes of this Paper were: first, to evaluate the reliability of teeth position measuring gauge; and second, to elucidate the limits of orthodontic tooth movement. Dental casts of fifty-fine subjects were analyzed by using Set-up model checker (InVisitec Co., Korea) before and aster the Class III surgical-orthodontic treatment. The changes of maxillary and mandibular dental arch widths were also measured from the canines to the second molars. To test the inter-examiner reliability, randomly selected casts were measured by another examiner. Descriptive statistics and paired t tests were used to explain the tooth movement during treatment. The results showed a relatively good reliability of measuring instruments and a very diverse range of tooth movement. Collective changes by the orthodontic tooth movement evaluated in Class III surgical-orthodontics allowed for a suggestive interpretation of specific treatment patterns. Arch width changes during the inter-arch coordination were mainly the result of tipping in both buccal segments. Based on the results of this study, the possibility of a change in dentition as a result of orthodontic treatment should be understood in order to launch a well-organized plan of treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1976

One of the most common needle leaf species used in planting in Korea is korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the test species for suitability. The relation of nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine was studied at the Kwang Nung Nursery, Central Branch Station of Forest Research Institute, and about 40km north of Seoul. Nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine, which ranged from 36 to 324 trees per square meters and of 1-1 jack pine, which ranged from 25 to 169 trees per square meters, had a marked effect on caliper, height, dry weight and percent and amount of plantable stock. The soil physical and chemical properties is silt plus clay, 50.55 percent; organic matter, 2.09 percent; total nitrogen, 0.13 percent; available phosphorus, 253.25 ppm; exchangeable potash, 0.46 m.e/100g; and pH, 5.58. As the density of the nursery seedling stand of 2-1 korean pine increases, the average tree height increases (Fig. 1A), but in 1-1 jack pine density do not affect to increase or decrease the average tree height. As the density of nursery bed increases, the average stem caliper (at 2cm above ground line) and dry weight decrease (Fig. 1B), but the decreasing rate is more seriously in 1-1 jack pine than 2-1 korean pine (Fig.5). As increasing the density of nursery bed, the T/R ratio of trees of the test species increase. Also the dry weight of leaf, stem and root parts are decreasing in proportion to the increase of stand density, but the drop rate of jack pine is more rapid than korean pine (table. 1) The patent facts of difference of growth characteristics between 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine were studied. These facts should be used to select the scale of stand density at the nursery bed or the plantable site. Korean pine is demanded high density, on the other hand in jack pine low density are more suitable to manage the stand density. Stands of comparatively low density had the greatest percentage of high-quality stock, and the stands of high density had less than the high quality trees of low density. An important criterion of the best density is percent and number of high-quality trees produced per square meter of bed area. Stem caliper and stem height of seedling is used in most public nurseries to sort seedling into plantable grades. The stock grade standard has set at 4.5mm caliper and 16cm height of 2-1 korean pine as the minimum desired stem caliper and height. By the result studies, the plantable stock grade standards of 2-1 korean pine used at stem height 16cm and stem caliper 4.5mm from public nurseries should be reformed to stem height 18cm and stem caliper 4.0mm by the growth characteristics and the tree distribution of stem height and caliper of relation to density. For the 2-1 korean pine, best density should be about 160 to 200 trees per square meter according to soil fertility. For the 1-1 jack pine, the suitable standard of plantable stock should be at stem height 25cm and caliper 6mm (at 2cm above ground line) and best density was about 100 to 120 trees.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different thread designs on the marginal bone stresses around dental implant. Materials and methods: Standard ITI implant(ITI Dental Implant System; Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland), 4.1 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length, was selected as control. Test implants of four different thread patterns were created based on control implant, i.e. maintaining all geometrical design of control implant except thread pattern. Four thread designs used in test implants include (1) small V-shape screw (model A), (2) large V-shape screw (model B), (3) buttress screw (model C), and (4) trapezoid screw (model D). Surface area for unit length of implant was 14.4 $mm^2$ (control), 21.7 (small V-shape screw), 20.6 (large V-shape screw), 17.0 (buttress screw) and 28.7 $mm^2$ (trapezoid screw). Finite element models of implant/bone complex were created using an axisymmetric scheme with the use of NISA II/DISPLAY III (Engineering Mechanics Research Corporation, Troy, MI, USA). A load of 100 N applied to the central node on the crown top either in parallel direction or at 30 degree to the implant axis (in order to apply non-axial load to the implant NKTP type 34 element was employed). Quantification and comparison of the peak stress in the marginal bone of each implant model was made using a series of regression analyses based on the stress data calculated at the 5 reference points which were set at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mm from implant wall on the marginal bone surface. Results: Results showed that although severe stress concentration on the marginal bone cannot be avoided a substantial reduction in the peak stress is achievable using different thread design. The peak marginal bone stresses under vertical loading condition were 7.84, 6.45, 5.96, 6.85, 5.39 MPa for control and model A, B, C and D, respectively. And 29.18, 26.45, 25.12, 27.37, 23.58 MPa when subject to inclined loading. Conclusion: It was concluded that the thread design is an important influential factor to the marginal bone stresses.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2000

Genetic variabilities of local populations of Anthocidaris crassispina and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were analysed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with phenotypic variabilities in timing of gonadal maturation, reproductive output and size of individuals in Cheju. H, pulcherrimus, collected from 4 locations during March 1997, indicated that Daepo individuals were significantly smaller than that at Hamdok, Wimi site A and Wimi site B (ANOVA, p>0.001). Gonodal-somatic index (GSI) of the Wimi site B population was significantly higher than that of three other locations (ANOVA, P>0.0001). An ANOVA test conducted on test size of A. crassispina, harvested from six different locations of Cheju during June 1997, indicated that the size of individuals from Pophwan was significantly smaller (P>0.0001) than that from five other locations. GSIs of urchin m Wimi and Hanlim were significantly higher than that from Pohwan and Oedo (ANOVA, p>0.0001). Genetic similarity, calculated from k13 primer analysis of total DNA, among the six different populations of A. crassispina varied from 0.67 to 0.92, and the values for H. pulcherrimus from 0.60 to 0.73; thus there was no genetic variation among different populations of the same species. Therefore, the populations are genetically homologous and the observed phenotypic variabilities were possibly associated with water temperature and food.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7524-7533
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of purple sweet potato(PSP) intake and aerobic combined exercise in obese middle school girls. Twenty-four, obese(%body fat > 30%) middle school girls composed of the purple sweet potato intake and aerobic combined exercise group(A, n=6), the aerobic combined exercise group(B, n=6), the purple sweet potato intake group(C, n=6), the control group(D, n=6). The variables of health related fitness, blood lipid profile, insulin resistance were measured in all the subjects before the start and after the end of 12 week aerobic combined exercise program(40~70%HRR, 3 times per week, 70 mins). The test data were analyzed by paired t-test and one way ANOVA, and the alpha level of p<.05 was set for all tests of significance. In the comparison within each group, %body fat[A(p<.01), C(p<.05) groups], TC[A(p<.05), B(p<.01), C(p<.01) groups] and insulin resistance[A(p<.05) group] were significantly decreased and LBM[A(p<.01), B(p<.01) groups], muscular strength[A(p<.01), B(p<.001), C(p<.05) groups], muscular endurance[A(p<.05), B(p<.001) groups], flexibility[A(p<.05), B(p<.01) groups] and cardiorespiratory endurance[A(p<.05), B(p<.001), C(p<.01) groups] were significantly increased. In the comparison between groups, A group was significantly decreased in %body fat, TC and TG than D group(p<.05). A group was significantly increased in muscular strength and cardiorespiratory endurance than C, D groups (p<.05). A group was significantly increased in muscular endurance and HDL-C than D group(p<.05). A, B groups were significantly increased in flexibility than D group(p<.05). A, B, C groups were significantly decreased in insulin resistance than D group(p<.05). In conclusion, purple sweet potato intake and aerobic combined exercise were effective in improving the health related fitness, blood lipid profile and insulin resistance in obese middle school girls.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.45-53
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of changes in soil temperature on biodegradation rate of diesel compounds from a field pilot test using hot air injection process. Total remediation time was estimated from in-situ biodegradation rate and temperature for optimum biodegradation. All tests were conducted by measuring in-situ respiration rates every about 10 days on highly contaminated area where an accidental diesel release occurred. The applied remediation methods were hot air injection/extraction process to volatilize and extract diesel compounds followed by a bioremediation process to degrade residual diesels in soils. Oxygen consumption rate varied from 2.2 to 46.3%/day in the range of 26 to $60^{\circ}C$, and maximum $O_2$ consumption rate was observed at $32.0^{\circ}C$. Zero-order biodegradation rate estimated on the basis of oxygen consumption rates varied from 6.5 to 21.3 mg/kg-day, and the maximum biodegradation rate was observed at $32^{\circ}C$ as well. In other temperature range, the values were in the decreasing trend. The first-order kinetic constants (k) estimated from in-situ respiration rates measured periodically were 0.0027, 0.0013, and $0.0006d^{-1}$ at 32.8, 41.1, and $52.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. The estimated remediation time was from 2 to 9 years, provided that final TPH concentration in soils was set to 870 mg/kg.

• Water for future
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1972

This thesis is the study of the rainfall probability depth in the major areas of Korea, such as Seoul, Pusan and Taegu. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the rainfall in connection with the safe planning of the hydraulic structures and with the project life. The methodology used in this paper is the statistical treatment of the rainfall data in the above three areas. The scheme of the paper is the following. 1. The complementation of the rainfall data We tried to select the maximm values among the values gained by the three methods: Fourier Series Method, Trend Diagram Method and Mean Value Method. By the selection of the maximum values we tried to complement the rainfall data lacking in order to prevent calamities. 2. The statistical treatment of the data The data are ordered by the small numbers, transformed into log, $\sqrt{}, \sqrt[3]{}, \sqrt[4], and$\sqrt[5], and calculated their statistical values through the electronic computer. 3. The examination of the distribution types and the determination of the optimum distibution types By the $x^2-Test$ the distribution types of rainfall data are examined, and rejected some part of the data in order to seek the normal rainfall distribution types. In this way, the optimum distribution types are determined. 4. The computation of rainfall probability depth in the safety project life We tried to study the interrelation between the return period and the safety project life, and to present the rainfall probability depth of the safety project life. In conclusion we set up the optimum distribution types of the rainfall depths, formulated the optimum distributions, and presented the chart of the rainfall probability depth about the factor of safety and the project life.ct life.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.477-483
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• 1998

Purpose : Radiation proctitis and radiation cystitis are frequent and problematic late complications in patients treated with radiation for the uterine cervix cancer. Authors tried to find out the better patient's position in high dose rate intracavitary radiation to reduce the radiation dose of bladder and rectum. Materials and Methods : In 13 patients, Foley Catheters were inserted to patient's bladder and rectum and were ballooned with radioopaque dye. After insertion of a tandem and two ovoids, semi-orthogonal anteroposterior and lateral films were taken in both lithotomy and supine position. The rectal point and bladder point were defined according to the criteria recommended in the ICRU Report 38 with modification. Using these films, all patients' bladder and rectal dose were calculated in both positions (the radiation dose of A point was set to 400 cGy). And also, the distance of bladder and rectum from uterine cervical os was calculated in both positions. Results : The average radiation dose of rectum was 240.7 cGy in lithotomy position and 278.3 cGy in supine position, and the average radiation dose of bladder was 303.5 cGy in lithotomy position and 255.8 cGy in supine position. After the paired t-test, the radiation dose of rectum in lithotomy position was marginally significantly lower than that in supine position, while the radiation dose of bladder in lithotomy position was significantly higher than that in supine position. On the other hand, the average distance between rectum and cervical os was 35.2 mm in lithotomy position and 32.3 mm in supine position. and the average distance between bladder and cervical os was 30.4 mm in lithotomy position and 34.0 mm in supine position. After the paired t-test. the distance between rectum and cervical os in lithotomy position was significantly longer than that in supine position, while the distance between bladder and cervical os in lithotomy position was significantly shorter than that in supine position. Conclusion : The radiation dose of bladder can be reduced in supine position and the radiation dose of rectum can be reduced in lithotomy position, so we can choose appropriate position in each patient.