• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.175-178
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• 1980

Normal values of serum electrolytes were determined for adult 36 females and 18 males, 1 to 6 years old, of Jindo dogs. The mean values, standard deviation and rangEs of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were studied and data analyzed to determine whether differences existed between the values of female and those of male dogs. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. The mean value of serum sodium was $143{\pm}1.5mEq/liter$, ranged from 138mEq/liter to 152 mEq/liter. The mean values for the females and males were $144{\pm}2.0mEq/liter$ and $142{\pm}1.7mEq/liter$, respectively. They showed that the female dogs had a tendency toward higher values than the male dogs, but no significant sex-related differences were observed. 2. The mean value of serum potassium was $4.6{\pm}0.2mEq/liter$, ranged frem 3.5mEq/liter to 6.0mEq/liter. The mean values for the females and males were $4.7{\pm}0.4mEq/liter$ and $4.5{\pm}0.3mEq/liter$. They showed that the female dogs had a tendency toward higher values than the male dogs, but sex differences were not found to be significant. 3. The mean value of serum chloride was $103{\pm}3.0mEq/liter$ ranged from 95mEq/liter to 117mEq/liter. The mean values for the females and males were $103{\pm}3.2mEq/liter$ and $103{\pm}3.3mEq/liter$, no sex differences showed. 4. The mean value of serum calcium was $5.2{\pm}0.1mEq/liter$ ranged from 4.7mEq/liter to 5.8mEq/liter. The mean values for the females and males were $5.4{\pm}0.1mEq/liter$ and $5.2{\pm}0.09mEq/liter$ respectively, no significant sexd iffere-nces were observed. 5. The mean value of serum inorganic phosphorus was $4.3{\pm}0.7mg/100ml$, ranged from 2.5mg/100ml to 5.8mg/100ml. The mean values for the females and males were $4.3{\pm}0.9mg/100ml$ and $4.1{\pm}0.8mg/100ml$, respectively, no sex differences showed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.585-592
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• 1994

A consecutive Jiao Chio acupuncture therapy was performed for 3 days in the 45-90 days old 11 calves of which have been shown severe watery diarrhea. The discharge of the infected calves was yellowish brown in color. Two calves of these patients were infected wi pulmonary disease as well as diarrhea. Thus, Su Qi and Fei Yu acupuncture therapy was carried out additionally after dosing with antibiotics twice for The two infected calves. Blood chemical values and serum neutralizing antibody titers were checked, and total blood cell count was also carried out to know the therapeutic effect before and after(21 days) acupuncture therapeutics. The results are as follows ; 1, The diarrhea has ceased one day after begining of the acupuncture therapy in 5 calves, and the cessation of the diarrhea in remaining calves occurred in 1 calf each on 3rd and 4th day, and 2 calves on 6th day, respectively. Two calves infected with pulmonary disease as well diarrhea were cured 8 days after the begining of the therapcutics. 2. Rotaviruses wire detected in the feces of 2 calves, and bovine diarrhea viruses were detected in the 8 calves by the test for serum neutralizing antibody titers, and bovine coronaviruses were also detected in 5 calves. Four calves of the 5 bovine coronavirus infected calves were also infected with bovine diarrhea viruses. 3. Total leucocyte number, total amount of serum protein, and amount of fibringen were slightly increased, while total erythrocyte number, and erythrocyte packed cell volume were slightly decreased. These valucs were statistically not significant. Electrolytes of Na/sup +/, K/sup +/ and Cl/sup -/ were slightly decreased but these values also were not significant. These results indicate that the acupuncture therapeutics arc significantly effective to remove the viral diarrhea in the young calves.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.16-22
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• 2021

[Purpose] Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is a well-known condition among endurance athletes at low altitudes. The incidence of EAH during ultramarathons at high altitudes warrants further investigation. This prospective observational study was conducted on the participants of the Leadville Trail 100 run, a 161-km race held at a high altitude (2,800 m-3,840 m). [Methods] Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after the race. The participants completed an electronic survey after the race. Our main outcome measure was the post-race serum sodium ([Na⁺]) level. [Results] Of the 672 athletes who started the race, 351 (52%) successfully completed the event within the 30-hour cut-off. Post-race blood samples were collected from 84 runners (66 finishers). Both pre- and post-race blood samples were collected from 37 participants. Twenty percent of the post-race participants had EAH. Only one post-race participant had a [Na⁺] level of <130 mmol/L. All participants with EAH were asymptomatic. One participant had an abnormal pre-race [Na⁺] level (134 mmol/L). Female participants had a significantly higher rate of EAH than male participants (40% vs. 16%; p=0.039). Age, body mass index, weight changes, race completion status, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and urine specific gravity were not associated with the development of EAH. Lower postrace [Na⁺] levels were associated with higher serum creatine kinase values (R²=0.1, p<0.005). [Conclusion] High altitude (3,840 m peak) does not appear to enhance the incidence of EAH after an ultramarathon footrace. This suggests that ambient temperature (low temperatures reduce risk), sex (female predilection), endurance running, and overhydration are more prominent risk factors for EAH than high altitude.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 1975

The purpose of this survey was to study the nutritional status for over 40 years old, related to the dietary pattern of fishing area. The nutrition survey was conducted in a fishing area located in Chilpo-dong, Euchang-myon, Youngil-gun, Kyungbuk province. The precise weighing method was used in evaluating the foods intake for 40 households during a 7 days period. Physical examination, detailed biochemical test on both blood and urine and stool tests were performed by physians on 45 persons over 40 years old man. The result obtained are summarized as follows: (1) Average nutrients intake of an adult per day: calorie intake was 2,883 Cal and its components-Protein (76.3 g) was 10.6%, fat (13.7 g) was 4.2% and carbohydrate (521 g) contributed 85.2% of the total calories. Other nutrients were higher than any other survey data. (2) To evaluate the nutritional deficiencies, clinical examinations were conducted. Hepatomegaly was present 25.3% of these examiners. (3) By stool test most of the examiners were infested in ascareis and infestation rate of stool was 87.5%. (4) The following chemical components of blood serum were analyzed and found to be within the normal range: glucose, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, total cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and electrolytes. (5) Content of electrolytes, glucose, pH, specific gravity in urine were normal range.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.280-301
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• 1996

This thesis is on the effects of the Injections of Mokhyangsunkisan extract, Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract and Palmisunkisan extract clinical experiments wre done with medicines to research their analgesic and anti-convulsive action and their efficiency on $O_3$ and Xylene-poisoned lung damage and the pulmonary thromboembolism of rats and mice. The results are as follows; 1. As to the analgesic action, each Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan extract, Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract and Palmisunkisan extract had significant effects. Among them the Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract had the highest effect. 2. As to the anti-convulsive action, each Injections of Mokhyangsunkisan extract and Palmisunkisan extract had significant effects whereas that of the Injection of Mokhvangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract had no effect. 3. In the frsearch of the Lung TBA values of $O_3$-poisoned rats. each Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan extract and Palmisunkisan extract had significant effects whereas that of the Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract had no effect. 4. None of the Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan extract, Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L, extract and Palmisunkisan extract had significant effects in the experiments about the variation of the $Na^+$ contents and $K^+$ contents in the serum electrolytes of the $O_3$-poisoned rats. 5. In the research of the Lung TBA values of Xylene-poisoned rats all the three Injections had prominent effects. 6. In the research of the Lung weight in Xylene-poisoned rats each Injections of Mokhyangsunkisan extract and Palmisunkisan extract had significant effects whereas that of the Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract had no effect. 7. In the experiments about the variation of the $Na^+$ contents in the serum electrolytes of the Xylene-poisoned rats the Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan extract had a significant effect whereas those of the Injections of Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract and Palmisunkisan extract had no significant effects. 8. None of the Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan extract, Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract and Palmisunkisan extract had significant effects in the experiments about the variation of the $K^+$ contents in the serum electrolytes of the Xylene-poisoned rats. 9. All the three Injections had prominent death-repressive effects on the pulmonary thromboembolism induced by Sodium Arachidonate. 10. Each Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan extract and Palmisunkisan extract had death-repressive effects on the pulmonary thromboembolism induced by ADP, whereas the Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract had a feeble death-repressive effect By all results of the clinical experiments. the following conclusions are drown; Each Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan extract and Palmisunkisan extract has analgesic and anti-convulsive effects and is also effective for the $O_3$ and Xylene-poisoned Lung damage and pulmonary thromboembolism of rats and mice. The Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract has on analgesic effect and is also effective for the pulmonary thromboembolism. Especially its analgesic effect is prominent. Therefore, each Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan extract and Palmisunkisan extract can be used for injection to improve the pulmonary functions whereas the Injection of Mokhyangsunkisan plus Rheum undulatum L. extract is partly effective for the improvement of the pulmonary function. In view of the results so far achieved, fluid acupuncture therapy can be applied as well as traditional way of oral administration of the decoction.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.597-602
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• 2007

Furosemide is a potent diuretic used in the horse for the prophylaxis of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage(EIPH), and in a variety of clinical condition. The purpose of this study was to set up the effect of furosemide in Thoroughbred horses, and to examine the time of maximal effect of furosemide to prevent the EIPH. The animals of the experiment were 4 Thoroughbred racing horses(female, average 6 yrs, BW $507{\pm}80.2kg$) in Jeju stud farm and the experiment was cross-over design between furosemide(1 mg/kg IV) and normal saline(0.1 ml/kg, IV) administration. We investigated the changes of clinical signs(body weight, skin turgor, capillary refilling time, jugular distensibility), CBC(PCV RBC), serum chemistry(TP, AST, GGT, glucose, LDH, BUN and creatinine) and electrolytes ($Na^+,\;K^+,\;Cl^-,\;Ca^{2+}$) on 0, 30 mins, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hrs in furosemide and saline administration roup, respectively. The weight decreased significantly(P<0.05) in 4 hrs after furosemide treatment, but skin turgor, CRT, jugular distensibility remained unchanged throughout the experimental period. RBC and PCV decreased after furosemide administration but soon recovered. TP increased to the highest level in 30 mins after furosemide administration and recovered in 8 hrs. Furosemide administration resulted in increases in glucose, AST, GGT, LDH, BUN, creatinine(P<0.05) and decreases in $Ca^{2+},\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;Cl^-$ (P<0.05). All of values were within normal range throughout the experimental period. There was the alteration of blood and serum chemistry after furosemide administration, all of values were within normal range. And the best time of furosemide administration will be 30 minutes before the racing in order to preventing EIPH.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 1987

This study deals with the changes in the concentrations of blood glucose and electrolytes during open heart surgery. Blood glucose and electrolytes in connection with age, disease and anesthetic period were measured in 25 patients about to undergo heart surgery which were performed between June 1986 and August 1986 in Yeungnam University Hospital. Because glucose solution is commonly used as priming solution, and the priming solution is hyperglycemic and hyperosmolar, glucose level of priming solution in this study was adjusted to 100-200mg% level to minimize hyperglycemic and hyperosmolar effect. The following results were obtained. 1. Glucose level of priming solution before extracorporeal circulation was $151.6{\pm}3.13mg%$. 2. With body cooling, blood glucose level was elevated. As duration of extracorporeal circulation is prolonged, blood glucose level was elevated more, but no difference between age and diseases were observed. On warming, blood glucose level was progressively lowered. 3. Despite the low serum potassium level during by pass, the potassium level was progressively elevated following by-pass, cut the serum potassium level was low compared to control values. Elevated calcium level was maintained during by pass.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 2003

This study was conducted to estimate the effects of residual chlorine dioxide ($CIO_2$) in chlorinated seawater on survival and physiological responses (hematocrit: Ht, hemoglobin: Hb, serum electrolyte and glucose levels, and osmolality) of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. All the flounders were exposed for 10 min to different concentrations of residual $CIO_2$ just after chlorination for 1 min in each experimental aquarium (EA). ClO$_2$-free seawater was continuously supplied to each EA after 10 min exposure to $CIO_2$. By means of probit analysis, the median lethal times (LT$_{50}$, min) of flounder exposed to 0.43 and 0.51 ppm $CIO_2$, were at 103 and 32 min, respectively. In the range from 0.34 to 0.51 ppm $CIO_2$, the values of Ht, Hb, electrolytes and osmolality of fish exposed to $CIO_2$ were significantly elevated as elapsed time and residual concentrations of $CIO_2$ increased after chlorination. The levels of Ht, Hb, electrolytes and osmolality in flounder exposed to 0.27 ppm $CIO_2$ were not significantly different compared to control fish, which were maintained in $CIO_2$-free seawater; however, the levels of serum glucose were significantly increased with elapse times.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1982

The effect of parathyroid hormone on calcium and phosphate metabolism have been widely investigated, however less attention has been paid to the effect on urinary excretion. This study was performed for the purpose determining urinary excretion of Na, K, Ca, and $Po_4$, of 18 thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rabbits, which were TPTX previously 7 to 10 days compared with the same normal ones. After TPTX 0.2 mg/day of synthyroid was donated to the rabbits. The concentration of electrolytes in the serum and urine was determined by the following method; Na and K were determined by means of flame photometry, Ca was by EDTA titration $method^{19)}$, and $Po_4$ by Fiske and Subba-Raw $method^{20)}$. The results as follows. The concentrations of electrolytes in the serum were 1) In the normal control rabbits (N = 25) (data, $Mean{\pm}S.E.$) $Na\;131.72{\pm}1.33\;mEq/L$, $K\;3.59{\pm}0.28\;mEq/L$, $Ca\;12.58{\pm}0.29\;mg%$, $Po_4\;4.50{\pm}\;0.45mg%$. 2) In the TPTX rabbits(N= 18) $Na\;140.6l{\pm}2.56\;mEq/L$, $K\;3.38{\pm}0.36\;mEq/L$, $Ca\;l2.18{\pm}0.45\;mg%$, $Po_4\;3.92{\pm}\;0.35\;mg%$. There was no significant change between the normal and TPTX rabbits. The concentration of elelctrolytes in the urine were variously changed. 3) In the normal rabbits. $Na\;8.40{\pm}1.09\;mEq/L$, $K\;81.59{\pm}10.19\;mEq/L$, $Ca\;16.02{\pm}3.12\;mg%$, $Po_4\;13.16{\pm}2.89mg%$. 4) In the TPTX rabbits, $Na\;14.57{\pm}3.39\;mEq/L$ slight ncreased, $K\;116.06{\pm}12.77\;mEq/L$ significant increased (P<0.05), $Ca\;18.90{\pm}5.44\;mg%$ no significant increased, $Po_4\;43.38{\pm}8.67\;mg%$ significant increased (p<0.01). The effect of TPTX was assumed that it affected upon increasing tubular secretion of $K^+$ and inhibition of the tubular reabsorption of $Po_4$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.601-606
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• 1999

Physiological responses of cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on lowering seawater temperature sharply and continuously were studied with 4 experiments of temperature changes (Exp.I$\~$IV). In Exp.1, the temperature was decreased from $18^{\circ}C$ to $9^{\circ}C$ by the rate of $1^{\circ}C$/hr, thereafter back to the initial temperature after 5 dars. With the same conditions of temperature rate and 5 days interval, the temperature changes for Exp.II, III and IV were $20^{\circ}C$ to $17^{\circ}C,\;23^{\circ}C$ to $14^{\circ}C$ and $23^{\circ}C$ to $17^{\circ}C$, respectively, Serum cortisol and glucose were measured during whole experiments. Hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured in the Exp.I, and osmolality, electrolytes ($Na^+,\;Cl^-,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+}$), total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of serum, in Exp.II$\~$IV. Serum cortisol levels were significantly increased by the lowering temperature sharply during whole experiments, while serum glucose levels were increased only in Exp,III and IV. Ht, RBC and Hb were decreased as the water temperature was lowered, but MCHC was increased. The serum osmolality was reduced and the unstable changes of electrolytes were shown by the changes of seawater temperature. No significant changes in total protein, ALT and AST activity were observed.