• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2018

This study compared the relative contributions of intensity, F0, duration and vowel spectra of L2 English lexical stress by Japanese and Korean learners of English. Recordings of Japanese, Korean and native English speakers reading eighteen 2 to 4 syllable words in a carrier sentence were analyzed using multiple regression to investigate the influence of each acoustic correlate in determining whether a vowel was stressed. The relative contribution of each correlate was calculated by converting the coefficients to percentages. The Japanese learner group showed phonological transfer of L1 phonology to L2 lexical prosody and relied mostly on F0 and duration in manifesting L2 English stress. This is consistent with the results of the previous studies. However, advanced Japanese speakers in the group showed less reliance on F0, and more use of intensity, which is another parameter used in native English stress accents. On the other hand, there was little influence of F0 on L2 English stress by the Korean learners, probably due to the transfer of the Korean intonation pattern to L2 English prosody. Hence, this study shows that L1 transfer happens at the prosodic level for Japanese learners of English and at the intonational level for Korean learners.

• 한국정보과학회 언어공학연구회:학술대회논문집(한글 및 한국어 정보처리)
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• 한국정보과학회언어공학연구회 1995년도 제7회 한글 및 한국어 정보처리 학술대회
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• pp.43-49
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• 1995

대부분 자연 언어 이해 시스템이나 중간 언어 방식을 이용한 기계 번역 시스템에서 자연 언어 문장을 이해하고 번역하기 위해서는 대량의 지식을 이용한 의미 구조의 생성이 요구된다. 따라서 개념 그래프를 이용하여 한국어 문장의 내부 의미 구조를 생성하기 위해서는 각 단어에 해당하는 개념과 개념들 사이의 개념적 관계를 나타내는 지식들이 요구된다. 그러나 이를 위한 의미 구조 생성 방법과 요구되는 지식 베이스를 정확하게 구축하는 것은 어렵고 응용 도메인에 종속한다는 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서 우리는 문형 이론을 도입하여 문형을 중심으로 의미 구조 생성을 위한 변환 규칙을 설계하고 이를 이용하여 방대한 지식 베이스의 구축없이 의미 구조를 생성할 수 있는 방법에 논의한다. 또한 본 논문에서 문형을 이용하면 몇 가지 모호성 문제를 해결할 수 있음을 보이고 문형의 한계에 대해서도 살펴본다.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2002년도 Language, Information, and Computation Proceedings of The 16th Pacific Asia Conference
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• pp.411-420
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• 2002

The left-associative grammar model (LAG) has been applied successfully to the morphologic and syntactic analysis of various european and asian languages. The algebraic definition of the LAG is very well suited for the application to natural language processing as it inherently obeys de Saussure's second law (de Saussure, 1913, p. 103) on the linear nature of language, which phrase-structure grammar (PSG) and categorial grammar (CG) do not. This paper describes the so-called Loom-LAGs (LLAG) -a specialization of LAGs for the analysis of natural language. Whereas the only means of language-independent abstraction in ordinary LAG is the principle of possible continuations, LLAGs introduce a set of more detailed language-independent generalizations that form the so-called loom of a Loom-LAG. Every LLAG uses the very smut loom and adds the language-specific information in the form of a declarative description of the language -much like an ancient mechanised Jacquard-loom would take a program-card providing the specific pattern for the cloth to be woven. The linguistic information is formulated declaratively in so-called syntax plans that describe the sequential structure of clauses and phrases. This approach introduces the explicit notion of phrases and sentence structure to LAG without violating de Saussure's second law iud without leaving the ground of the original algebraic definition of LAG, LLAGS can in fact be shown to be just a notational variant of LAG -but one that is much better suited for the manual development of syntax grammars for the robust analysis of free texts.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2020

Objectives : The objective of this study was to revise the modified Blood Stasis Questionnaire II. Methods : This revision focused on refining the Korean literature expression of Blood Stasis Questionnaire II consisting of 30-question questionnaire. Seven external experts and five researchers of Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine reviewed the questionnaire and its protocol, while the addition or deletion of questions and changes in scoring method were not dealt with in this revision. Results : Among thirty questions, four questions were corrected to appropriate expressions. In case of eight questions, explanations in Korean or Chinese were added. Thirteen questions in the phrase were changed in sentence form to unify the whole questionnaire. Conclusions : This study introduces the revised version of the modified Blood Stasis Questionnaire II. It is expected that clinical demand of this questionnaire will increase and it will be used vigorously in blood stasis research.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 띄어쓰기 오류와 철자 오류를 동시에 교정 가능한 전처리기를 제안한다. 제시된 알고리즘은 기존의 전처리기 알고리즘이 각 오류를 따로 해결하는 데에서 오는 한계를 극복하고, 기존의 noisy-channel model을 확장하여 대화체의 띄어쓰기 오류와 철자 오류를 동시에 효과적으로 교정할 수 있다. N-gram과 자소변환확률 등의 통계적 방법과 어절변환패턴 사전을 이용하여 최대한 사전을 적게 이용하면서도 효과적으로 교정 후보들을 생성할 수 있다. 실험을 통해 현재 단계에서는 만족할 만한 성능을 얻지는 못하였지만 오류 분석을 통하여 이와 같은 방법론이 실제로 효용성이 있음을 알 수 있었고 앞으로 더 많은 개선을 통해 일상적인 대화체 문장에 대해서 효과적인 전처리기로서 기능할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.26-32
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• 1996

본 논문은 자연스러운 여성 합성음을 위한 피치 변화 법칙을 세웠다. 피치 변화 법칙이 적용되는 기본 단위, 즉 억양구는 주로 어절(들)로 이것의 첫번째, 두번째, 마지막 음절의 피치값을 연결해 피치 변화 곡선을 형성하였는데, 첫번째, 두번째 음절의 피치값은 각 음절의 초성에 따라, 마지막 음절의 피치값은 기능어의 종류에 따라 결정되었다. 억양구 사이에는 '쉼(pause)이 있는 경계' 또는 '쉼이 없는 경계'가 오며, 쉼이 있는 경계에는 relaxation이 있다. 이러한 억양구의 피치 변화 곡선, 경계 현상들이 모여 한 문장의 피치 턴을 만들었다.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2007년도 한국음성과학회 공동학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.240-242
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• 2007

The goal of this paper is to investigate effects of three prosodic factors, such as phrasal accent (accented vs. unaccented), prosodic boundary (IP-initial vs. IP-medial) and coda voicing (e.g., bed vs. bet), on acoustic realization of English vowels (/i, $_I/$, $/{\varepsilon}$, ${\ae}/$) as produced by native (Canadian) and nonnative (Korean) speakers. The speech corpus included 16 minimal pairs (e.g., bet-bat, bet-bed) embedded in a sentence. Results show that phonological contrast between vowels are maximized when they were accented, though the contrast maximization pattern was not the same between the English and Korean speakers. However, domain-initial position do not affect the phonetic manifestation of vowels. Results also show that phonological contrast due to coda voicing is maximized only when the vowels are accented. These results propose that the phonetic realization of vowels is affected by phrasal accent only, and not by the location within prosodic position.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제28권2E호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2009

To get more natural synthetic speech generated by a Korean TTS (Text-To-Speech) system, we have to know all the possible prosodic rules in Korean spoken language. We should find out these rules from linguistic, phonetic information or from real speech. In general, all of these rules should be integrated into a prosody-generation algorithm in a TTS system. But this algorithm cannot cover up all the possible prosodic rules in a language and it is not perfect, so the naturalness of synthesized speech cannot be as good as we expect. ANNs (Artificial Neural Networks) can be trained to learn the prosodic rules in Korean spoken language. To train and test ANNs, we need to prepare the prosodic patterns of all the phonemic segments in a prosodic corpus. A prosodic corpus will include meaningful sentences to represent all the possible prosodic rules. Sentences in the corpus were made by picking up a series of words from the list of PB (phonetically Balanced) isolated words. These sentences in the corpus were read by speakers, recorded, and collected as a speech database. By analyzing recorded real speech, we can extract prosodic pattern about each phoneme, and assign them as target and test patterns for ANNs. ANNs can learn the prosody from natural speech and generate prosodic patterns of the central phonemic segment in phoneme strings as output response of ANNs when phoneme strings of a sentence are given to ANNs as input stimuli.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2019

This study aims to investigate the rhythmic patterns in the English speech produced by Chinese learners of English who learn English as a foreign language (EFL learners). Utilizing interval-based rhythm metrics, namely, VarcoC, VarcoV, nPVI-C, nPVI-V, and %V, the study compared the rhythmic differences in English speech between ten native speakers from the United States and forty Chinese EFL learners from mainland China. A sentence elicitation task consisting of thirty picture prompts and corresponding thirty stimuli sentences with at least five vocalic and four consonantal intervals was conducted. Statistical results reveal that both Chinese advanced learners and beginners had significantly lower degree of stress-timed in their English speech, indicating that the acquisition of the L2 speech rhythm was influenced by the learners' L1 rhythmic pattern. In addition, the results also show that the Chinese advanced learners had significantly higher degree of stress-timed in their English speech than beginners and showed no significant difference with native speakers in VarcoC and nPVI-C. These results indicate that the direction of L2 speech rhythm development was from more syllable-timed to more stress-timed.

• 인지과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2004

한국어의 문법적 표지 중의성 해소 과정과, 한국어의 형태론적 정보 처리과정에 관한 길-혼동 의형과 제약-기반 모형의 예측을 비교 검토하기 위해 안구운동 추적 연구를 수행하였다. 최소부착원리에 따라 구문분석될 수 있는 복합 명사구 구조와, 첫 명사에 주격조사 (-가/이), 한정사(-만), 및 주제표지(-는/은)가 부착되는 삽입 관계절 구조를 비교하였다. 실험 결과, 한국어의 표지 중의성이 최소 부착의 원리에 따라 해소됨을 확인할 수 있었고, 주제표지는 재분석 과정에 영향을 끼침을 알 수 있었다. 안구 고정 시간의 양상은 길-혼동 모형과 더 일치했으며, 제약-기반 설명과는 일치하지 않았다. 추후 연구를 위한 제안을 논의하였다.