• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.14-19
• /
• 2000

Purpose : This study was to present the functional brain mapping of both functional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) in a case of schizencephaly. Materials and methods : A 28-year-old man, who had left hemiplegia and schizencephaly in right cerebral hemisphere, was exacted with both functional MRI and TMS. Motor function of left hand was decreased whereas right hand was within normal limit. For functional MRI, gradient-echo echo planar imaging($TR/TE/{\alpha}$=1.2 sec/90 msec/90) was employed. The paradigm of motor task consisted of repetitive self-paseo hand flexion-extension exercises with 1-2 Hz periods. An image set of 10 slices was repetitively acquired with 15 seconds alternating periods of task performance and rest and total 6 cycles (three ON periods and three OFF periods) were performed. In brain mapping, TMS was performed with the round magnetic stimulator (mean diameter; 90mm). The magnetic stimulation was done with 80% of maximal output. The latency and amplitude of motor evoked potential(MEP)s were obtained from both abductor pollicis brevis(APB) muscles. Results : Functional MRI revealed activation of the left primary motor cortex with flexion-extension exercises of healthy right hand. On the other hand, the left primary motor cortex, left supplementary motor cortex, and left promoter areas were activated with flexion-extension exercises of left hand. In TMS, magnetic evoked potentials were induced in no areas of right cerebral hemisphere, but in 5 areas of left corebral hemisphere from both abductor pollicis brevis. Latency, amplitude, and contour of response of the magnetic evoked potentials in both hands were similar. Conclusion : Functional MRI and TMS in a patient with schizencephaly were successfully used to localize cortical motor function. Ipsilateral motor pathway is thought to be secondary to reinforcement of the corticospinal tract of the ipsilateral motor cortex.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.525-534
• /
• 2014

Environmental problems typically occurring in abandoned mine lands (AML) include: contaminated and acidic surface water and groundwater; stockpiled waste rock and mill tailings; and ground subsidences due to mining operations. This study examines the effectiveness of various geophysical techniques for mapping potential hazard and contaminated zones. Four AML sites with sedimentation contamination problems, acid mine drainage (AMD) channels, ground subsidence, manmade liner leakage, and buried mine tailings, were selected to examine the applicability of various geophysical methods to the identification of the different types of mine hazards. Geophysical results were correlated to borehole data (core samples, well logs, tomographic profiles, etc.) and water sample data (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and heavy metal contents). Zones of low electrical resistivity (ER) corresponded to areas contaminated by heavy metals, especially contamination by Cu, Pb, and Zn. The main pathways of AMD leachate were successfully mapped using ER methods (low anomaly peaks), self-potential (SP) curves (negative peaks), and ground penetrating radar (GPR) at shallow penetration depths. Mine cavities were well located based on composite interpretations of ER, seismic tomography, and well-log records; mine cavity locations were also observed in drill core data and using borehole image processing systems (BIPS). Damaged zones in buried manmade liners (used to block descending leachate) were precisely detected by ER mapping, and buried rock waste and tailings piles were characterized by low-velocity zones in seismic refraction data and high-resistivity zones in the ER data.

• (The) Korean Journal of Educational Psychology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.461-478
• /
• 2008

This study attempted to test whether or not students' collaborative argumentation and explanation activity while using concept mapping did improve understanding on texts. Total of 52 college students participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions. The experiment lasted for two or three weeks and students were tested on comprehension level of a text material that they have studied over the period. As a result, with two independent factors of explanation and collaboration, there was a significant interaction effect without main effects. That is, individual did better when they did have to explain what they were doing. However, this is not the case when students collaborate. Students in the paired condition, they did better when they do not have to explain what they were doing with concept maps. This study showed efficiency with using computerized software does not always guarantee higher understanding on text materials. Instructional contexts and variables, collaboration and explanation, needs to be considered. Collaborating with others and explaining their own learning processes should be carefully designed when they are combined with concept mapping contexts. How to minimize learning obstacles from discussing ideas with others are a critical issue for future research.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.197-215
• /
• 2021

This study aims to evaluate Person Centered Care practice and characteristics of care services in Korean long-term care facilities using Dementia Care Mapping as a tool. DCM, systematic observational evaluation tool for measuring dementia patients' QOL, was transformed into self-report rating scale. The process of transforming DCM into a scale of 34 items involves operationalization of DCM concepts and it's adaptation into Korean long-term care practices. Review by research team of Bradford university was added to maintain DCM concept and meaning in this scale. The scale with Cronbach alpha of .88 was surveyed on 343 care workers. Survey result shows PCC value practiced by them is 3.77(of 5 likert scale) and values on each categories of PCC reveal the characteristics of care in Korean facilities; attachment(4.02), comfort(3.95), inclusion(3.89), identity(3.67) and occupation(3.41). Dementia care in Korean facilities focuses on recipients'safety, comfort but lacks individualistic care and the meaningful and fulfilling occupation for patients. Looking at the organizational and individual factors influencing DCM values, the small facilities showed higher PCC values and there are no significant difference in PCC values between public and private facilities. Managers and care workers with career of 1~2 years showed higher PCC values compared to other career ranks and lengthes. This study suggests care practice should be centered on personhood of patients in long-term care facilities, for which introduction of unit care and education of PCC for service providers including support personnel are needed. DCM and Korean DCM scale developed in this study are suggested for the PCC-based assessment on care quality.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2012

The development of digital media made the change of architectural paradigm from tectonic to the surface and pattern. This means the transition to the new kind of materiality and the resurrection of ornament. This study started as an aim to apply biological pattern to architectural design from the new perception of pattern. Architectural patterns in the early era appeared as ladders, steps, chains, trees, vortices. But since 21st century, we can find patterns in nature like atoms and molecular structures, fluid forms of dynamics and new geometrical pattern like fractal and first of all biological patterns like viruses and micro-organisms, Voronoi cells, DNA structure, rhizomes and various hybrids and permutations of these. Pattern became one of the most important elements and themes of contemporary architecture through the change of materiality and resurrection of ornament with the new perception of surface in architecture. One of the patterns that give new creative availability to the architectural design is biological pattern which is self-organized as an optimum form through interaction with environment. Biological patterns emerge mostly as self-replicating patterns through morphogenesis, certain geometrical patterns(in particular triangles, pentagons, hexagons and spirals). The architectural application methods of biological patterns are direct figural pattern of organism, circle pattern, polygon pattern, energy-material control pattern, differentiation pattern, parametric pattern, growth principle pattern, evolutionary ecologic pattern. These patterns can be utilized as practical architectural patterns through the use of computer programs as morphogenetic programs like L-system, MoSS program and genetic algorithm programs like Grasshoper, Generative Components with the help of computing technology like mapping and scripting.

• Korean Journal of Geomatics
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.7-19
• /
• 2005

Photogrammetric mapping procedures have gone through major developments due to significant improvements in its underlying technologies. The availability of GPS/INS systems greatly assist in direct geo-referencing of the acquired imagery. Still, photogrammetric datasets taken without the aid of positioning and navigation systems need control information for the purpose of surface reconstruction. Point features were, and still are, the primary source of control for the photogrammetric triangulation although other higher-order features are available and can be used. LIDAR systems supply dense geometric surface information in the form of three dimensional coordinates with respect to certain reference system. Considering the accuracy improvement of LIDAR systems in the recent years, LIDAR data is considered a viable supply of photogrammetric control. To exploit LIDAR data, new challenges are poised concerning the representation and reference system by which both the photogrammetric and LIDAR datasets are described. In this paper, registration methodologies will be devised for the purpose of integrating the LIDAR data into the photogrammetric triangulation. Such registration methodologies have to deal with three issues: registration primitives, transformation parameters, and similarity measures. Two methodologies will be introduced that utilize straight-line and areal features derived from both datasets as the registration primitives. The first methodology directly incorporates the LIDAR lines as control information in the photogrammetric triangulation, while in the second methodology, LIDAR patches are used to produce and align the photogrammetric model. Also, camera self-calibration experiments were conducted on simulated and real data to test the feasibility of using LIDAR patches for this purpose.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.99-103
• /
• 2018

Optical coherence elastography (OCE) is based on optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is a noninvasive, high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging technique. In this paper, we have developed dynamic optical coherence elastography to measure elasticity, a mechanical property of tissue, by phase difference. A piezoelectric actuator was used for sinusoidal mechanical loading of samples. Before applying this method to biomaterial, we assessed the feasibility of OCE with samples of sponge, eraser, and sharp lead. Cross-sectional and phase-difference images of the sample were obtained under sinusoidal loading. The strain rate was calculated from the phase-difference information. To obtain the envelope of the phase-difference oscillations along the horizontal direction, Hilbert transformation was performed at each depth. The elevation of the envelope was represented by color mapping, and we could measure the relative elasticity within the sample by comparing the elevations. Finally, there was an advantage when we calculated the shear rate using self-interference in the sample arm, instead of the interference between sample and reference arms.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2010.02a
• /
• pp.397-397
• /
• 2010

Bone is considered as hierarchically organized biocomposites of organic (collagen) and inorganic (hydroxyapatite) materials. The precise structural dependence between hydroxyapatite (HAp, $Ca_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2)$ crystals and collagen fibril is critical to unique characteristics of bone. To meet those conditions and obtain optimal properties, it is essential to understand and control the initial growth mechanisms of hydroxyapatite at the molecular level, such as other nano-structured materials. In this study, collagen fibrils were prepared by adsorbing native type I collagen molecules onto hydrophobic surface. Hydrophobicity was introduced on the Si wafer surface by using PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition) method and cyclohexane as a precursor. Biomimetic nucleation and growth of HAp on the self-assembled collagen nanofibrils were occurred through incubation of the sample in SBF (simulated body fluid). Chemical and morphological evolution of HAp nanocrystals was investigated by surface-sensitive analytical techniques such as ToF-SIMS (Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) and AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) in the early growth stages (< 24 hrs). The very initial stages (< 12 hrs) of mineralization could be clearly demonstrated by ToF-SIMS chemical mapping of surface. In addition to ToF-SIMS and AFM measurement, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted to characterize the HAp layer in the late stages. This study is of great importance in the growth of real bone-like materials with a structure analogous to that of natural bones and the development of biomimetic nanomaterials.

• East Asian mathematical journal
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.179-196
• /
• 2009

Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space and K a nonempty closed convex subset which is also a nonexpansive retract of E. For i = 1, 2, 3, let $T_i:K{\rightarrow}E$ be an asymptotically nonexpansive mappings with sequence ${\{k_n^{(i)}\}\subset[1,{\infty})$ such that $\sum_{n-1}^{\infty}(k_n^{(i)}-1)$ < ${\infty},\;k_{n}^{(i)}{\rightarrow}1$, as $n{\rightarrow}\infty$ and F(T)=$\bigcap_{i=3}^3F(T_i){\neq}{\phi}$ (the set of all common xed points of $T_i$, i = 1, 2, 3). Let {$a_n$},{$b_n$} and {$c_n$} are three real sequences in [0, 1] such that $\in{\leq}\;a_n,\;b_n,\;c_n\;{\leq}\;1-\in$ for $n{\in}N$ and some ${\in}{\geq}0$. Starting with arbitrary $x_1{\in}K$, define sequence {$x_n$} by setting {$$x_{n+1}=P((1-a_n)x_n+a_nT_1(PT_1)^{n-1}y_n)$$ $$y_n=P((1-b_n)x_n+a_nT_2(PT_2)^{n-1}z_n)$$ $$z_n=P((1-c_n)x_n+c_nT_3(PT_3)^{n-1}x_n)$$. Assume that one of the following conditions holds: (1) E satises the Opial property, (2) E has Frechet dierentiable norm, (3) $E^*$ has Kedec -Klee property, where $E^*$ is dual of E. Then sequence {$x_n$} converges weakly to some p${\in}$F(T).

• Educational Technology International
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.93-117
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to develop the problem solving instruction facilitating novice learner to represent the problem. For the purpose, we mainly focused on three aspects of problem solving. First, learner should represent the targeted problem and its solutions for problem solving. Second, from crucial notions of cognitive load theory, learner's mental load should be optimized for problem representation. Third, for optimizing students' mental load, experts may support making their thinking more visible and mapping from their intuition to expert practice. We drew the design principles as follows. First, since providing worked examples for the targeted problem has been considered to minimize analogical errors as well as reduce cognitive load in problem representation at line of problem solving and instructional research, it is needed to elaborate the way of designing. The worked example alternatively corresponds to expert schema that consists of domain knowledge as well as strategies for expert-like problem representation and solution. Thus, it may help learner to represent what the problem is and how to solve it in problem space. Second, principle can be that expert should scaffold learner's self-explanations. Because the students are unable to elicit the rationale from worked example, the expert's triggering scaffold may be critical in that process. The unexplained and incomplete parts of the example should be completed not by expert's scaffold but by themselves. Critical portion of the expert's scaffold is to explain about how to apply and represent the given problem, since students' initial representations may be reached at superficial or passive pattern of example elaboration. Finally, learner's mental model on the designated problem domain should be externalized or visualized for one's reflection as well as expert's scaffolding activities. The visualization helps learner to identify one's partial or incorrect model. The correct model of learner could be constructed by expert's help.