• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2006

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze breast cancer screening behaviors in working women. Method: A total of 354 women over 20 years of age were recruited from three major occupational settings by convenience sampling. The Champion's Health Beliefs Model Scale-Korean version and a structured questionnaire for measuring regularity and accuracy of breast self-examination(BSE) were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^$-test, ANOVA, and Duncan post hoc tests. Result: Women who have performed BSE and had both BSE and clinical tests were 49.2% and 32.8%, respectively, while 36.7% of the participants had none of the screening. The screening patterns were significantly different by individual characteristics of age, occupation, experiences of breast disease, education at workplace, and by the level of confidence in health beliefs (p<.01, p<.05). Only 4 % of women performed BSE regularly and the level of accuracy of the BSE was very low as well. Conclusion: Education at the workplace needs to emphasize the recommended guidelines and further increase the quality and results of the BSE for women's health.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2002

Breast self-exam is easiest, safe and cost effective to be recommended as an important method for early detection of breast cancer. This experimental research with non-equal control design was to develop the efficacy expectation program for breast self-exam based on Bandura's self-efficacy information source. The study objects selected from two local churches in Busan. Twenty from S church were selected as a study group, twenty from D church as a control group. Efficacy expectation promoting program was based on Bandura's efficacy promoting source and was two hour lecture including slide, video tape, demonstration, pamphlet. After this, there were individual interviews with them and consultations through telephone f or verbal persuasion on the weekly basis between the first week and the fifth week. The effect from the experiment were measured on the first week after education and on the fifth week. Data from control group was collected during the period from Jan 11, 2 001 to Feb 15, 2001 and data from study group was collected during the period from Jan 12, 2001 to Feb 16, 2001. Measurement instrument for this study was developed by the author with the advice of specialist in order to measure self-efficacy and breast self-exam practice. Data analysis was done by using SPSS/10.0 PC program $with^2-$ test. t-test and ANCOVA. Proved results for hypothesis were as follows. 1) It was supported that "Study group educated by efficacy expectation promoting program has higher score in change rat e of self-efficacy than control group." (1 week after education F=18.395, p=.000 5 weeks after education F=28.972, p=.000) 2) It was supported that "Study group educated by efficacy expectation promoting program has higher score in change rate of exam practice than control group." (1 week after education F=37.984, p=.000 5 weeks after education F=28.972, p=.000) In conclusion, efficacy expectation promoting program for breast self-exam developed by this study may increase s elf-efficacy and breast self-exam practice.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2637-2643
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• 2015

Background: It has been proven that an individuals health behavior is determined through a series of processes. This study aimed to assess the stages of adoption of breast cancer screening, and to identify the factors relating to progress through these stages. Materials and Methods: There were 202 female participants aged 20-59 years who were living in Chungbuk, South Korea. They were informed of the study purpose and agreed to participate. Data were collected from October 2010 to January 2011 by assessing the breast cancer screening stage, health beliefs, socio-demographic factors, and other facilitating factors. The participant current stage of adoption of breast cancer screening was classified using the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM), and the various PAPM stages were compared with each other to identify factors likely to determine progress between stages. The data were analyzed using the ${\chi}^2$-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and multiple logistic regression. Results: Approximately half of all participants were not on-schedule for breast self-examination and mammography (unaware, 9.4% and 11.4%, unengaged, 8.4% and 5.0%, undecided, 20.3% and 17.8%, decided not to act, 1.5% and 1.0%, decided to act, 13.4% and 15.3%, respectively). The factors likely to determine the progress from one stage to another were age, marital status, exposure to media information about breast cancer, self-efficacy, and perceived severity. Conclusions: These results suggest that it is necessary to develop a tailored message for breast cancer screening behavior.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.186-196
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• 2021

Purpose: Breast cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent among young Korean women. During pregnancy, women's concern regarding their breasts heightens. Thus, pregnancy provides a window of opportunity for breast cancer prevention and management along with antenatal care. This study developed and evaluated an integrated breast health program for pregnant women. Methods: This study employed a non-equivalent control group and non-synchronized design (22 experimental, 29 control). Women pregnant for over 28 weeks participated. The two-session integrated breast health program focused on breast management during breastfeeding and education about breast cancer prevention and early screening. Results: During the early postpartum period (within three months after the program), there were statistically significant differences in knowledge and attitude about breast cancer and breast self-examination before and after the program. There were also statistically significant differences in BSE at 6 and 12 months after the program and mammography at 12 months after the program. However, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical breast examination and breast ultrasonography at 6 and 12 months after the program. Conclusion: The integrated breast health management program was effective in increasing knowledge and improving attitudes regarding breast cancer, BSE, and early screening practices among pregnant women. Further studies should consider providing breast health programs differently for each phase of pregnancy and continuing the same after delivery.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.4723-4726
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and by far the most frequent cancer among women. Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the awareness of breast cancer warning signs and screening methods among the women of Pokhara valley, Nepal. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in a community setting with the female population. The questionnaire was administered in face-to-face interviews by trained research assistants. Results: Nepalese women demonstrated poor awareness of warning signs like a breast lump, lump under the armpit, bleeding or discharge from the nipple, pulling of the nipple, changes in the position of the nipple, nipple rash, redness of the breast skin, changes in the size of the breast or nipple, changes in the shape of the breast or nipple, pain in the breast or armpit, and dimpling of the breast skin. While 100% of nurses were aware about breast self-examination(BSE), mammography and warning signs of breast cancer. Levels of knowledge were significantly poorer in women with other occupations. Graduates were more aware about BSE, mammogram and warning signs of breast cancer compared to those with other educational levels. Conclusions: The findings indicated that the level of awareness of breast cancer, including knowledge of warning signs and BSE, is sub-optimal among Nepalese women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1193-1196
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• 2012

Breast and cervical cancer are the most common causes of cancer mortality among women worldwide, but they are largely preventable. There are limited data on knowledge and practices on screening methods of breast and cervical cancers among female health care workers in Sri Lanka, in spite of having an organized screening programme islandwide. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 219 female health care workers including public health midwives (68.9%) selected from 6 districts in Sri Lanka using convenient sampling methods. A self-administered questionnaire was used as a pre-test in a capacity building training programme to collect the data. The mean (SD) duration of work experience of the respondents was 12 years and 52.5% were aged over 35 years. Most (76.7%) were married, and afamily history of cancer was reported by 24.2%. Over 98% knew about self breast examination. Even though 84.1% practiced it, only 47.9% practiced it on a monthly basis. Clinical breast examination and mammography were known by 94.1% and 64.3% respectively. Only 19.2% had undergone a clinical braest examination within one year and 3.6% had ever undergone a mamography. Only 76.3% knew that a Pap smear detects precancerous stage of cervical cancer. Among 169 married workers, 73.4% had never had a Pap smear and only 17.2% had got it done within the preceding 5 years. Among the reasons for not doing a pap smear within 5 years, 47.0% belived it as not nescessary, 17.3% due to fear/dislike, 23.2% as not having symptoms, 3% had not known about it and 3% not known about availability of services. The study findings suggest that the knowledge and practices on breast and cervical cancer screening methods among female health care workers need to be improved. Considering the role that health care workers play in communicating health behaviors to the general public, strengthening health education interventions for this group of females is essential.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1719-1724
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• 2015

Background: Breast and cervical cancers are the most common types of cancer in women worldwide. Previous studies in Asia have shown that related knowledge and awareness is low among female university students. The goal of this study was to assess breast and cervical cancer knowledge, practices, and awareness among female university students in Samsun,Turkey. Materials and Methods: This research was a cross-sectional survey of female university students using a self-administered. questionnaire to investigate participant awareness and knowledge of breast and cervical cancer. A total of 301 female university students participated. Descriptive statistics and chi square tests were used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants in this study was $22.0{\pm}5.91$ years. Regarding family history, 89.7 % of the students had no known familial history of breast cancer. Students (65.4%) had knowledge about breast self examination and 52.2 % of them had performed breast self examinationm while 55.1% of them had knowledge about prevention of cervical cancer. Conclusions: Although the results are preliminary, the study points to an insufficient knowledge of university students in Samsun about breast and cervical cancer.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.886-902
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• 2016

This study investigated multidimensional body image, self-esteem, clothing benefits sought, and Body Image After Breast Cancer (BIABC) within surgical subgroups among breast cancer survivors. The study applied the questionnaire survey method and the main research was conducted through an online survey. The respondents included 207 breast cancer survivors between the ages of 30 and 59, each of whom received the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). Self-esteem, clothing benefits sought, examination, and demographic variables were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. The main results of this study are outlined below. For clothing benefit sought, six factors were formulated-pursuit of self-expression/social approval, function/health, compensation, femininity, fashion, and camouflage-and BIABC was defined by the four factors of body stigma/vulnerability, transparency, limitation and cancer concern. While MBSRQ and self-esteem did not show a statistically significant difference between groups differentiated by the surgical methods experienced, those who underwent mastectomies scored slightly lower than members of the other groups. Moreover, the reconstruction after mastectomy group showed the highest mean on self-expression/social approval, compensation, femininity and entire clothing benefits sought, followed by the lumpectomy group and mastectomy group. The lumpectomy group was found to have more positive BIABC than the mastectomy group. In particular, the mastectomy group showed a lower body stigma/vulnerability mean than the other groups. This study is meaningful in that it improves our understanding of the body image of breast cancer survivors and provides basic knowledge for developing products and marketing strategies for breast cancer survivors as consumers.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.277-283
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of BSE education and practice on knowledge, self efficacy and performance in female nursing students. Method: The subjects consisted of 40 students from 2 nursing colleges. They responded to questionnaires that included knowledge, self-efficacy and performance of BSE within a 3-month interval. The experimental group was subjected to a 90 minute-educational session. Their knowledge of BSE was measured using Choi's tool and self-efficacy was measured using Champion and Scott. Result: Self-efficacy and frequency of BSE performance in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group while BSE knowledge was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Nursing students don't put their knowledge into practice. This fact suggests that changing a behavior needs something more than knowledge. In this study, the BSE education had an effect on self-efficacy and performance. Therefore, practical education needs to be reinforced for nursing students to perform BSE for their own health and to be able to demonstrate it for clients.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.281-293
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• 1996

Breast cancer ranks as one of the major health problems of adult women. Studies have shown that Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is effective in detecting breast cancer in its early stages. To motivate women BSE practicing, a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was conducted. Women 40 years or older who participated in the public education program for BSE from March 11 to April 6, 1996, were randomized in an experimental group(N=50) which received a letter about the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal and in a control group(N=50) which didn't received a letter about the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal. After 6 months, a follow-up phone survey was taken on all participants to measure the effectiveness of the intervention. Collected data was analyzed by one, two, and three-way ANOVA with an SAS program. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The level of the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal of the subjects is high risk(17%), moderate risk(12%), boderline risk(14%), no increased risk (57%). 2. The intervention was effective in increasing the practice scores of BSE for women(F=5.12, P<.05). 3. BSE practice scores according to breast cancer risk appraisal level of the experimental group was not significantly increased after the intervention as contrasted with the control group (F=2.33, P>.05). 4. BSE practice scores according to educational level of the experimental group was significantly increased after the intervention, as contrasted with that of the control group (F=10.09, P<.001) .On the basis of this study it can be concluded that the Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal increases practice of BSE.