• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.573-594
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• 2001

A two-level displacement-based design procedure is developed. To obtain the displacement demands, elastic spectra for occasional earthquakes and inelastic spectra for rare earthquakes are used. Minimum global stiffness and strength to be supplied to the structure are based on specified maximum permissible drift limits and on the condition that the structure responds within the elastic range for occasional earthquakes. The performance of the structure may be assessed by an inelastic push-over analysis to the required displacement and the evaluation of damage indices. The approach is applied to the design of a five-story reinforced concrete coupled wall structure located in the most hazardous seismic region of Argentina. The inelastic dynamic response of the structure subjected to real and artificially generated acceleration time histories is also analyzed. Finally, advantages and limitations of the proposed procedure from the conceptual point of view and practical application are discussed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.531-549
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• 2021

Analytical models were developed and seismic behaviors were analyzed for a three-story stone pagoda at the Cheollyongsa temple site, which was damaged by the Gyeongju earthquake of 2016. Both finite and discrete element modeling were used and the analysis results were compared to the actual earthquake damage. Vulnerable parts of stone pagoda structure were identified and their seismic behaviors via sliding, rocking, and risk analyses were verified. In finite and discrete element analyses, the 3F main body stone was displaced uniaxially by 60 and 80 mm, respectively, similar to the actual displacement of 90 mm resulting from the earthquake. Considering various input conditions such as uniaxial excitation and soil-structure interaction, as well as seismic components and the distance from the epicenter, both models yielded reasonable and applicable results. The Gyeongju earthquake exhibited extreme short-period characteristics; thus, short-period structures such as stone pagodas were seriously damaged. In addition, we found that sliding occurred in the upper parts because the vertical load was low, but rocking predominated in the lower parts because most structural members were slender. The third-floor main body and roof stones were particularly vulnerable because some damage occurred when the sliding and rocking limits were exceeded. Risk analysis revealed that the probability of collapse was minimal at 0.1 g, but exceeded 80% at above 0.3 g. The collapse risks at an earthquake peak ground acceleration of 0.154 g at the immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention levels were 90%, 52%, and 6% respectively. When the actual damage was compared with the risk analysis, the stone pagoda retained earthquake-resistant performance at the life safety level.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.53-83
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• 2008

A rational and efficient seismic design methodology for irregular space steel frames using advanced methods of analysis in the framework of Eurocodes 8 and 3 is presented. This design methodology employs an advanced static or dynamic finite element method of analysis that takes into account geometrical and material non-linearities and member and frame imperfections. The inelastic static analysis (pushover) is employed with multimodal load along the height of the building combining the first few modes. The inelastic dynamic method in the time domain is employed with accelerograms taken from real earthquakes scaled so as to be compatible with the elastic design spectrum of Eurocode 8. The design procedure starts with assumed member sections, continues with the checking of the damage and ultimate limit states requirements, the serviceability requirements and ends with the adjustment of member sizes. Thus it can sufficiently capture the limit states of displacements, rotations, strength, stability and damage of the structure and its individual members so that separate member capacity checks through the interaction equations of Eurocode 3 or the usage of the conservative and crude q-factor suggested in Eurocode 8 are not required. Two numerical examples dealing with the seismic design of irregular space steel moment resisting frames are presented to illustrate the proposed method and demonstrate its advantages. The first considers a seven storey geometrically regular frame with in-plan eccentricities, while the second a six storey frame with a setback.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2020

최근 국내에서는 지진의 발생 빈도와 규모가 증가하고 있다. 이러한 상황속에서 대표적인 도로 구조물인 교량의 지진피해는 많은 인명피해로 직결될 수 있다. 따라서, 사전에 구조물의 지진취약도를 분석하여 피해를 대비하는 것이 필요하다. 특히 국내의 교량은 공용년수 30년 이상의 노후 교량이 증가하고 있어, 교량의 노후화와 보수보강을 고려한 지진해석과 취약도 분석 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 PSC 교량에 대해 노후화와 FRP 보강효과를 고려하여 비선형 정적 및 동적해석을 수행하였다. 노후화 및 FRP 보강은 지진응답에 지배적인 영향을 주는 교각에 적용하였다. 최대 변위는 노후도에 의해 증가되었지만, FRP 보강에 의한 교량의 변위를 감소시킬 수 있었다. 지진해석과 함께 교각의 성능점과 동적거동을 복합적으로 평가할 수 있는 지진취약도 해석을 수행하여 노후화 및 FRP 보강에 대한 효과를 분석하였다. FRP 보강 교량의 지진취약도는 노후 교량에 비해 모든 손상단계에서 감소하였으며, PGA와 손상손상수준이 높아질수록 감소정도가 뚜렷하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2022

본 연구는 균열에 의한 콘크리트 전단벽 강성저하 영향 평가를 위해 수행되었으며, 극한 내지진 하중의 60%까지 재하한 비선형 해석 결과, 사전 균열효과에 의해 비손상 대비 진동수의 12%정도 진동수가 감소하였으며 강성 측면에서 23%정도의 감소현상을 나타냈다. 단계적으로 지진하중의 크기를 증가시킨 비선형 해석 결과, 지진하중의 세기가 커짐에 따라 콘크리트 전단벽체에 전단균열이 발생하여 진전함을 파악하고, 반복이력에 의한 에너지 손실과 강성 저하가 뚜렷하게 발생함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 두 가지 콘크리트 강도와 전단벽 제원에 대하여 지진하중의 크기가 극한 내지진 하중에 근접함에 따라 진동수의 감소량은 비손상 대비 10~40%정도로 나타났으며, 강성의 경우 비손상 대비 40%정도 수준까지 감소할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1695-1705
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 지진취약도 해석에 사용되는 손상상태에 따른 수평변위한계값을 구조물의 항복 및 극한변위에 따라 확률통계적으로 새롭게 제안하기 위하여 국내외에서 실험된 원형단면의 철근콘크리트 교각 총 275본(비내진 149본, 내진 126본)의 실험데이터를 조사하였고 각 상세에 따른 교각의 정량적인 손상상태를 평가하였다. 이후 제안된 수평변위한계값에 따른 실제 교량구조물에 대한 비선형 시간이력해석을 수행한 후 그 결과를 토대로 지진취약도 해석을 통해 기존의 제안된 수평변위한계값들과의 차이를 비교분석하였다. 비교분석 결과, 제안된 값에 의한 중앙값이 기존의 값에 의한 중앙값보다 작게 나타났다. 이는 기존의 수평변위한계값으로 지진취약도 해석시 구조물의 성능을 과다 평가할 수도 있음을 나타낸다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2002

최근 1995년 일본의 고베 및 1999년도에 터키와 대만 등지에서 일어난 강진으로 많은 사상자와 피해가 발생되었고 일본 및 대만의 경우 일부 댐의 피해가 발생되었다. 댐의 경우 지진 발생시 국부적인 구조물의 손상뿐만 아니라 주변 주거지역에 많은 인명피해를 유발하기 때문에 국내에서도 내진설계기준 강화 이전의 콘크리트 중력식 댐에 대한 내진 안전성 평가의 필요성을 인식하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 미국, 일본 및 캐나다의 내진설계기준 및 안전성 평가기법을 분석하여 국내 실정에 적합한 내진 안전성 평가 지침을 마련하였다. 평가단계는 제3단계로 구성하였다. 제1단계는 기초 문헌자료를 이용한 내진 안전성 평가 필요여부를 구분하는 예비평가단계이며 제2단계 평가는 진도법을 적용한 유사정적해석을 수행하여 성능기준 만족여부를 판단한다. 제3단계 평가는 제2단계를 만족하지 못하였을 경우 대상구조물에 동적해석을 적용하여 정밀한 평가를 수행한 후 성능기준을 평가한다. 본 연구에서는 현재 국내에서 운영중인 콘크리트 중력식 댐을 선정하여 본 평가 방법을 적용하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제67권6호
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• pp.587-601
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• 2018

Elevated water tanks are inverted pendulum type structures where drift limit is an important criterion for seismic design and performance evaluation. Explicit drift criteria for elevated water tanks are not available in the literature. In this study, probabilistic approach is used to determine maximum drift limit for damage state of yielding and damage state of collapse for the elevated water tanks supported on RC frame staging. The two damage states are defined using results of incremental dynamic analysis wherein a total of 2160 nonlinear time history analyses are performed using twelve artificial spectrum compatible ground motions. Analytical fragility curves are developed using two-parameter lognormal distribution. The maximum allowable drifts corresponding to yield and collapse level requirements are estimated for different tank capacities. Finally, a single fragility curve is developed which provides maximum drift values for the different probability of damage. Further, for rational consideration of the uncertainties in design, three confidence levels are selected and corresponding drift limits for damage states of yielding and collapse are proposed. These values of maximum drift can be used in performance-based seismic design for a particular damage state depending on the level of confidence.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.495-505
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• 2009

Bridges form crucial links in the transportation network especially in high seismic risk regions. This research aims to provide a quantitative methodology for post-earthquake performance evaluation of the bridges. The experimental portion of the research involved shake table tests of a 4-span bridge which was subjected to progressively increasing amplitudes of seismic motions recorded from the Northridge earthquake. As part of this project, a high resolution long gauge fiber optic displacement sensor was developed for post-seismic evaluation of damage in the columns of the bridge. The nonlinear finite element model was developed using Opensees program to simulate the response of the bridge and the abutments to the seismic loads. The model was modified to predict the bent displacements of the bridge commensurate with the measured bent displacements obtained from experimental analysis results. Following seismic events, the tangential stiffness matrix of the whole structure is reduced due to reduction in structural strength. The nonlinear static push over analysis using current damaged stiffness matrix provides the longitudinal and transverse ultimate capacities of the bridge. Capacity loss in the transverse and longitudinal directions following the seismic events was correlated to the maximum displacements of the deck recorded during the events.

• 대한건축학회연합논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2019

Recently, the frequency and magnitude of earthquakes are increasing worldwide. In Korea, the Gyeongju earthquake (2016) and the Pohang earthquake (2017) caused structural damage to many buildings. Since Korea's seismic design standards were revised to three or more stories in 2005, five-story buildings built before the revision are not designed to be earthquake-resistant. In this situation, if strong earthquake occurs in Korea, there will be great damage. To prevent this, seismic retrofit of buildings should be necessary. The seismic retrofit of classical method is mainly used to reduce the displacement generated in the structure by strengthening stiffness and strength. However, since this method increases the base shear force of the structure, it is difficult to apply it to buildings which have weak foundation. Therefore, in this study, we propose the damper system that reduces the response displacement of buildings and suppresses the increase of base shear force by using high damping rubber and steel. And the seismic performance of the damper system is verified through the experiment and the seismic analysis of the structure.