• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 2012

When ginseng seedlings are cultured in paddy fields, quality degradation and yield reduction are induced by severe plant loss with chlorosis on leaves occurred physiological disorder by excessive salt and poor drainage, rusty-root occurrence, and root rot etc. Accordingly, in order to solve these problems, this study was performed to investigate the treatment method, concentrations and time of activated ion calcium as environment-friendly agricultural materials. Activated ion calcium is an enriched and purified water-soluble mineral calcium component for absorbing quickly into plant as a highly functional calcium and it is an alkaline calcium of 37% (370 $m{\ell}$/1 ${\ell}$) concentration with pH 13. Treatment method was that ginseng seeds were sown after removing water in the shade after seed immersion for 1 minute with active ion calcium of 20-fold diluted solution, and then irrigated $4{\ell}$ per 3.3 $m^2$ with 200-fold, 400-fold, and 600-fold diluted solution before emergence on late March, and supplied 1 time on leaves with 500-fold diluted solution in June and July respectively. The disease rate by treatment of activated ion calcium was that on the treatment of soil irrigated with 200-fold diluted solution compared to non-treated soil, damping-off was 33%, anthracnose was 100% reduced and the occurrence rate of rusty-root was 30% reduced. In addition, when active ion calcium of 200-fold diluted solution were soil irrigated, first and second grade ginseng were respectively 26% and 22% produced more, compared with control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.636-642
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• 2006

To make a new fairy ring of Tricholoma matsutake in situ, the way of production and transplanting of ectomycorrhizal seedlings of T. matsutake using Pinus densiflora was investigated after transplanting from 2000 to 2005 as well as the method to improve their survival rate for the fungus. For the production of ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings, the seedlings planted at the edge of fairy ring of T. matsutake in November showed 97% of the survival rate, while those planted in April showed 80% of the rate. For the complete infection of the T. matsutake, it required more than two years after planting. The infection rate of mycelia for the ectomycorrhizal seedlings was 17.6% when the natural seedlings were used, whereas it was relatively low when the seedlings prepared from the nursery were used. The survival of T. matsutake mycelium reached up to 22% by the transplanting in April, while the mycelium transplanted in October and November showed less than 5% of the survival. The survival of T. matsutake on the transplanted seedlings was the highest in the seedlings having 50% of infection rate before transplanting. Excavation of the ectomycorrhizal seedling to examine the vitality of ectomycorrhizal roots of T. matsutake resulted in the perishing of them. Therefore, the method using a 'rice bag triers' to check living mycelium of T. matsutake without digging of transplanted seedlings was introduced in this study. In addition, it is recommended that the examination has to be conducted at least two years after transplanting.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.372-377
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• 2017

This research was performed to develop mass propagation method of Alpine modest primrose (Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz.) for improving the conservation and utilization of the species. Seeds were collected on August 2011 in Jeju-city and well-selected seeds were dry-stored at $4{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$. Seed size ranged $0.44{\pm}0.07{\times}0.61{\pm}0.04mm$, and weight of 1,000 seeds was $51.78{\pm}0.021mg$. Thus the seed was classified as 'dwarf seeds'. As the result of dormancy characteristics, moisture content of freshly matured seeds increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment and seeds did not germinate at $20^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks under the light condition. Therefore, seeds were estimated to have physiological dormancy. Germination conditions of dry-stored seeds were found to be $20^{\circ}C$ and light condition, and seeds did not germinated under dark condition regardless of all temperature regimes. Therefore, Alpine modest primrose seed was considered as photoblastic type. Percent germination (PG) and germination energy (GE) were greatly improved by soaking the seeds in $GA_3$ and kinetin for 24 hours. Especially, 200~500 mg/L $GA_3$ treatment resulted in the highest PG (95.5%) and GE (98.3%). So, chemical treatment such as $GA_3$ was thought to be a useful method for raising seedling uniformly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.53-53
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• 2022

Modem agricultural production needs to provide sustainable management practices that are eco-friendly and low cost. Plant extracts are a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic plant growth regulators. This study was therefore carried out to investigate the effects of various plant extracts produced using different extraction methods on the vegetative growth of rice under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. For this study, seventeen plant extracts were made from plant species such as leaves of M. arvense, C. asiatica, M. oleifera, V. radiata, V. unguiculate, P. guajava, A. vera, and A. tuberosum, aboveground plant parts of C. rotundus, M. sativa, and P. frutescens, roots of R. undulatum, tubers of A. sativum, leaves and stems of G. max (cv. Taegwang) as well as rice straw and hulls (cv. Hopyeong). As a test crop, we applied these extracts to rice plants. For the purpose of making our extracts, some plant materials and species were collected in fields and others were purchased from Chonnam Hanyaknonghyup Cooperation (South Korea). Leaves, roots, and aboveground plant parts of plant species were dried, ground, extracted (water, boiling water and ethanol) and fermented. Rice growth promotion effects were determined using plant extracts at 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% concentrations under petri dish conditions. Seven selected plant extracts were applied to rice seeds with soil drench application or seedling at 3-4 leaf stages with soil and foliar applications under greenhouse conditions. For comparison with extracts, we used urea at 0.6%. Of the 17 water extracts used in this study, 10 extracts reduced rice growth, but the other 7 extracts (P. guajava, A. vera, A. tuberosum, M. sativa, A. sativum, and G. max) increased growth by 40-60% on compared to the control in Petri dish bioassay. Thus, these 7 extracts were selected for further study. Under greenhouse conditions, rice growth also increased by 20-40% when the same 7 extracts were applied to rice seeds using soil drench application. Furthermore, at the 3-4 leaf stage rice growth also increased 30-80% or 30-60% when the same 7 extracts were applied using soil and foliar applications. Overall, the 7 extracts produced higher rates of growth promotion when soil drench application was used than when foliar application was used. In the case of boiling water and ethanol extracts, rice growth increased only 20% in response to both soil drench and foliar application of the same 7 extracts. Rice growth promotion was greater when extracts were produced using water extraction method than boiling water and ethanol extraction methods. Most notably, the 7 water extracts used in this study produced higher rates of growth promotion than urea at 0.6% which is typically used for crop growth promotion. Overall, the 7 water extracts when applied using soil drenching method can be used as effective growth promotors of rice in organic agriculture.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2015

Bacterial leaf spot, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syrinage, is a very damaging disease to green pumpkin in Gong-ju and Non-san nursery. However, there is no good method to control the disease in Korea. Growth inhibition of pathogen on medium, control efficacy on seedling stage, and seed treatment effect of 6 anti-bacterial pesticides were investigated for selection of the best pesticide for seed treatment and control of the disease. Growth inhibition zone on King's B medium were the largest by oxytetracycline 170 ppm and oxytetracycline 15 ppm + streptomycin sulfate 188 ppm, oxolinic acid 200 ppm, streptomycin 200 ppm were next respectively. Control efficacy of oxytetracycline 1.5% + streptomycin sulfate 18.8% WP and oxytetracycline 17% WP on seedling stage were 71.4% and 49.4%, respectively. Seed treatment of oxytetracycline 15 ppm + streptomycin sulfate 188 ppm on the artificially inoculated seeds inhibits pathogen growth completely from the treated seeds and 96% control efficacy on grow-out test of the treated seeds. Seed treatment of streptomycin 100 ppm (2,000 dilution of streptomycin 20%) on the artificially inoculated seeds allow 280 cfu/g of pathogen growth from the treated seeds and 60% control efficacy on grow-out test of the treated seeds. Seed treatment of oxytetracycline 85 ppm (2000 dilution of oxytetracycline 17% WP) on the artificially inoculated seeds allow 80 cfu/g of pathogen growth from the treated seeds and 90% control efficacy on grow-out test of the treated seeds. These results suggested that oxytetracycline 1.5% + streptomycin sulfate 18.8% WP was the best pesticide for seed treatment to control of the bacterial spot disease by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2000

Insect pests of eggplant, pepper, Chinese cabbage, watermelon, cucumber, melon, and tomato seedlings were surveyed in eleven propagation houses from 1998 to 1999. Ten species of insect pests of nine genera in eight families, two species of mites of one genus in one family, and three species of slugsor snails in three genera belonging to two families were found from the observed seedlings but Bradysia agrestis was the most serious pest out of them. Thus, occurrence and damage of B. agrestis were investigated in two propagation houses all the year round. In the observation of seedling mortalities of seven crops in May, July, October and the following February, only watermelon seedlings were withered and dead by the larva of B. agrestis with different mortality depending on time representing 81.9%, 41.3%, 54.9%, and 79.1%, respectively. All the developmental stages of B. agrestis were found every month throughout the year. Larval density and adult density were different according to season with the highest numbers in May showing 34.9 and 407.4, respectively. Mortality of watermelon seedlings was higher in April and May than the other months showing 83.3% in April and 82.4% in May. The number of adults attracted to sticky trap was also different depending on card colour. The number of adults was much higher on yellow sticky card (326.2) than blue sticky card (20.2). In the investigation of the number of adults on yellow sticky card at 25 cm and 120 cm above the bench and 10 cm under the bench, more numbers of adults were caught at 25 cm above the bench (273.7) and 10 cm under the bench (320.1) than 120 cm above the bench (27.9). Mortalities of cucumber, pepper, and watermelon seedlings after transplanting in greenhouses were not significantly different depending on culture method.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 1994

This study was conducted to find out if there are some differences in germination, growth and morphological characteristics between rice(Oryza saliva) and barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crus-galli) under various cropping patterns and to abtain the fundamental information on weed control method in direct seeded rice. Rice was broadcast on soil-surface(Broadcast rice), drill seeded in soil(Drilled rice) and barnyardgrass was drill seeded in soil(Barnyardgrass) under dry(Dry condition) and water direct seeded condition(Water condition). Also rice was transplanted with 8-day seedlings(8 -day-old seedling) and 25-day seedlings(25-*day-old seedling) under transplanting condition(Transplanting condition) At 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 days after seeding or transplanting(DAS/T), plants were harvested to examine their germination, growth and morphology. The major results were as follows ; Until 5 DAS/T growth of rice and barnyardgrass were well established under dry condition but under water condition growth of shoots was mainly elongated. At 20 DAS/T barnyardgrass had greater plant height and shoot fresh weight than rice under direct seeded condition, while plant height and shoot fresh weight of rice was greater than those of barnyardgrass under transplanting condition. Root length of barnyardgrass was greater under the dry, drilled, direct seeded conditions than that of rice under the water, broadcast, transplanting condition, respectively. And root fresh weight of rice under direct seeded condition was similar to that of barnyardgrass but that of rice under transplanting condition was significantly greater than that of barnyardgrass. Barnyardgrass only formed mesocotyls and its length increased with increased depth of seeding. Leaf stage and leaf area of barnyardgrass was greater under the dry, drilled than those of rice under water, broadcast conditions, respectively, while those of rice was greater than those of barnyardgrass under transplanting condition. Chlorophyll contents were higher in barnyardgrass, dry direct seeded rice, transplanted rice, water direct seeded rice in descending order.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate how a labor saving for conventional hand sowing and respond to major agronomic traits under different planting density in 1993 and 1994. Each trial was a randomized block split plot with row spacing as the main plots and hill spacing as subplots. Sowing rate appeared lower in 20 or 25cm hill spacing using machine seeder than in hand sowing. Sowing time required reduced more 121 hours per hectare in 60cm row, 20cm hill spacings using machine seeder than in hand sowing. Increasing row and hill spacings reduced number of seedling stand per unit $area(m^2)$. Both number of pods per plant and grain weight per plant and showed highly increase in wide planting. Best yield obtained in 60cm row, 20cm hill spacing using machine seeder. Accumulative mean air temperature was positively correlated with stem height, number of pods per plant and yield, otherwise accumulative rainfall was negatively correlated with ones. A highly significant negative correlation was showed between number of seedling stand per unit $area(m^2)$ and number of branches, number of pods per plant, grain weight per plant and yield. Yield was positively correlated with number of branches, number of pods per plant and grain weight per plant.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.288-294
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• 1997

Field and pot expeiments were carried out to evaluate the interaction between quinclorac and bensulfuron-methyl on growth of the rice plants(Oryza sativa L. cv. Choocheongbyeo) at 20, 45, 65 days-old stages. Quinclorac and bensulfuron-methyl showed antagonistic interaction at both stages, which were detected by the Chisaka's method at isobles of 10% growth inhibition. The antagonism indices were -0.63 and -1.67 at 20 and 65 days-old seedling stages, respectively. Leaf-rolling of rice occurred when quinclorac was applied at 600g ai/ha or more at 20 days-old seedling stage, while it occured at the dose of 900g ai/ha at 65 days-old stage. Bensulfuron-methyl reduced plant height and dry weight as well as tiller production at both stages. Leaf-rolling of rice was reduced when mixture of quinclorac and bensulfuron-methyl was applied due to antagonism of the two herbicides. High temperatures increased the phytotoxicity of bensulfuron-methyl, while the phytotoxicity caused by quinclorac alone was not responsive to temperature. The antagonistic effect between quinclorac and bensulfuron-methyl increased at low temperature as tested by the Colby's method.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 2015

Control efficacy was investigated with fungicides as 3 copper compound, 3 antibiotic fungicides and one fungicide containing to quinolone against the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum on NA medium and the disease occurrence on pepper seedlings. Among 7 fungicides, oxytetracycline was shown the highest activity against a growth of the pathogen in the agar diffusion method, but validamycin showed no activity against the pathogen. With $1000{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of each copper fungicide as copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride+ dithianone and copper sulfate, 2.2, 1.3 and 1.5 mm in size of clear zone only could be found, respectively. In pepper seedling test, oxytetracycline showed a perfect activity in all treatments 7 days after inoculation. However, its activity was decreased from $500{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of treatment over the time. Copper fungicides showed the control efficacy lower than antibiotic fungicides except for validamycin. Based on the results, it was suggested that it would be better to use antibiotic fungicides than copper fungicides to control pepper bacterial wilt in the fields.