• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

Anatomical characteristics of volumetric composition, fiber length, vessel diameter, and crystalline properties of cellulose in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) planted in the reclaimed land of Buan-si, Korea were examined to understand the growth characteristics using a light microscopy and an X-ray diffraction method. The samples of kenaf were taken from six positions (3 cm, 35 cm, 70 cm, 105 cm, 280 cm, and 320 cm) of each stem over the growth period (July, August, September, and October) after seeding in the mid-May. In the kenaf stem, phloem constituted 10 to 15 %, xylem 66 to 82%, and pith 7 to 19%. The ray, bast fiber, and remainder comprised 50%, 20%, and 30% of the phloem, respectively. The volume of vessel, ray, and fiber in the xylem was approximately 10, 15, and 75%, respectively. The proportion of cell wall was 30.92% at the base of stem and 46.40% at the top of stem, respectively. The average length of bast fiber and xylem fiber was about 2.8 mm and 0.9 mm, respectively. Radial and tangential diameters of vessel increased with the increase of growth period, while they decreased with increasing the stem height. Relative crystallinity ranged from 70 to 79% in phloem and from 50 to 56% in xylem. Cellulose crystallite width was about 3 nm both in the phloem and xylem. Thus, the volumetric composition and cell dimensions in the phloem and xylem appeared to be varied with the growth period and the stem height.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.43-49
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• 2007

Anatomical properties of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) planted in a reclaimed-land of Korea were examined to understand the growth characteristics by an optical and scanning electron microscopy. The samples of kenaf were taken from four positions of the stem (3, 35, 70, 105 cm above from the ground) in four growth periods (July. August, September, October) from seeding planted in the middle of May. Bast fiber, phloem rays, cortex parenchyma cells and sieve tube members were observed in phloem, and vessel elements, fibers and rays in xylem. Solitary and multiple radial pores existed in xylem. The cell types of ray parenchyma in radial section were procumbent, upright, and square. The intervascular pitting showed an alternate type. Xylem proportion, the number of bast fibers and dimension of phloem rays increased with increasing growth period, and decreased with increasing stem height. The proportion of multiseriate rays was higher than that of uniseriate and biseriate rays in xylem with increasing growth period. On the other hand, The proportion of multiseriate rays was lower than that of uniseriate and biseriate rays in xylem with increasing stem height.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.103-115
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• 2003

In order to investigate the possibility for use to control environmental pollution, Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) was used to obtain information of their growth and $CO_2$ response under different temperatures and $CO_2$ concentration. The highest percentage of germination and aboveground dry mass of Kenaf were found at 30$^{\circ}C$ and 35$^{\circ}C$ by 89.0% and 3.2g, respectively under different temperatures. The amount of $CO_2$ absorption and aboveground dry mass production of Kenaf were higher than those of maize during the whole growing period and the last sampling of aboveground dry mass of Kenaf and maize were 252.9g and 200.8g, respectively. The highest plant height was found at 400ppm by 131.0cm and the next was in the order of 600ppm by 1293cm, and 800ppm by 108.8cm. Leaf area was higher in the order of 400ppm > 600ppm > 800ppm, whereas leaf dry mass was in the order of 800ppm > 600ppm > 400ppm under different $CO_2$ concentration, showing that leaf became thicker as $CO_2$ concentration was increased. Days from seeding to flowering became shorter by 13 days in 35/25$^{\circ}C$ compared with 25/15$^{\circ}C$ between two temperature regimes and they also became shorter as $CO_2$ concentration was increased. Aboveground dry mass was higher in 35/25$^{\circ}C$ than that of 25/15$^{\circ}C$ between two temperature regimes. while it was increased in the order of 800ppm > 600ppm > 400ppm as CO2 concentration was increased. Temporal changes of leaf dry mass during growth period showed no difference between $CO_2$ concentration in 25/15$^{\circ}C$ , but the highest of it was found at 800ppm in 35/25$^{\circ}C$. The highest temporaI increase of root dry mass was found at 800ppm in 25/15$^{\circ}C$, but 35/25$^{\circ}C$ showed no difference between different $CO_2$ concentration.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2010

Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) is an extension of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for measurement of flows spanning large areas in laboratory or field conditions. LSPIV is composed of six elements - seeding, illumination, recording, image transformation, image processing, postprocessing - based on PIV. Possible error elements at each step of Mobile LSPIV (MLSPIV), which is a mobile version of LSPIV, in field applications are identified and summarized the effect of the errors which were quantified in the previous studies. The total number of elemental errors is 27, and five error sources were evaluated previously, seven elemental errors are not effective to the current MLSPIV system. Among 15 elemental errors, four errors - sampling time, image resolution, tracer, and wind - are investigated through an experiment at a laboratory to figure out how those errors affect to velocity calculation. The analysis to figure out the effect of the number of images used for image processing on the velocity calculation error shows that if over 50 images or more are used, the error due to it goes below 1 %. The effect of the image resolution on velocity calculation was investigated through various image resolution using digital camera. Low resolution image set made 3 % of velocity calculation error comparing with high resolution image set as a reference. For the effect of tracers and wind, the wind effect on tracer is decreasing remarkably with increasing the flume bulk velocity. To minimize the velocity evaluation error due to wind, tracers with high specific gravity is favorable.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine the establishment of bovine ES-like cells having pluripotency. The hatched blastocysts derived from culture of in vitro fertilized embryos for 10 to 12 days dissociated mechanically into ICM-and trophectoderm-rich clumps using needle, and cultured onto mitotically-inactivated MEF feeder layer. The primary colonies originated from ICM cells were detached mechanically 7 days after seeding and subsequent subculture was conducted at intervals of every 5 to 7 days. Two ES -like cell lines were established and maintained over 40 passages. Self-renewal of the established lines was confirmed by examining the alkaline phosphatase activity, stem cell-specific marker profiles including SSEA isotopes, Oct-4 and STAT3. Moreover, the established cell lines could produce anchorage-independent embryoid bodies (EBs) with gradual decrease of Oct-4 transcript level in time-dependent manner.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2005

This study was conducted to establish the elaborate nitrogen fertilization method to enhance N use efficiency in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy. The nitrogen uptake by rice plants was insignificant until 25 days after seeding, and increased gradually thereafter. During this early growth stage, rice plants absorbed only the $4\%$ of basal applied N, while the $45\%$ of N fertilizer remained in the paddy soil. The absorption of basal N by rice plants was almost completed at 46 days after application. Nitrogen top-dressed at 5-leaf stage was well matched to crop nutrient demand, so it could be absorbed so actively in 8days after application. As a result, we could cut down the amount of N fertilizer to $36\%$ of the basal N level without significant difference in yield. Plant recoveries of fertilizer $^{15}N$ applied with different application timings were $7.8\%$ for basal, $9.4\%$ for 5-leaf stage, $17.1\%$ for tillering stage, and $23.4\%$ for panicle initiation stage, respectively. When urea was applied with nitrogen fertilization practice based on basal incorporation (BN), plant recovery of $^{15}N$ at harvest was $31.0\%$, which was originated from $13.7\%$ for grain, and $21.3\%$ of the fertilizer $^{15}N$ remained in the soil, and the rest could be uncounted. Plant recovery of fertilizer $^{15}N$ applied with nitrogen fertilization practice based on topdressing at 5-leaf stage (TN), where N rate was reduced by $18\%$ compared with BN, was $35.1\%$ (grain $15.6\%$), and $19.9\%$ of the fertilizer $^{15}N$ remained in the soil, and the rest could be uncounted. TN showed a higher $^{15}N$ recovery than BN because it was to apply N fertilizer at a time to well meet the demand of rice plant direct-seeded on flooded paddy. We concluded that TN would be the nitrogen fertilization method to enhance N use efficiency in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.69-75
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• 1974

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different amount of nitrogen and deficiency of soil moisture on yield components of soybean. Soybean were seeded on 1/2000a wagner pot. Deficiency of soil moisture was treated at each growth atage of soybean. 1.In case of deficiencyt of soil moisture at the flowering time in the plot of non-nitrogen(NO D3), the growth duration of soybean was shortened about three to four days. 2. The leaf area was greatly affected by the influence of both treatments till 49days after germinating. 3.The increase of stem height, stem doameter,number of branches and lengeh of the branches came to an end about 70 days after seeding. These growing condition of tje soybean were lowest the plot of No D$_1$,in which the frowth of the soybeans were poor at the early stage. 4.The number of pods was not increased by the increase of fertilizing nitrogenous fertilizer. The number of pods was much decreased by the influence of soil mousture deiciency, and under this condition, the proportion of main stem pods and two or three grain pods was high. 5.The 3rd and 4h nodes and the 10th to 12th nodes from bottom had more pods than the other nodes had, but of the plants had grown well, they had more pods on the 3rd and 4th nodes, but if the plants had grown poorly, they had more pods on the 10th to 12th nodes. 6.The content of protein in the soybean was low at the plit of N。D$_4$which had not heavy weight of 100 grains, and the content of oil in the soybean was low in the plot in which each plant had a small number of grains.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 1979

Comparative tolerance of the new rice varieties from Indicax Japonica cross to elastic and plastic chilling injuries was examined at the 3rd leaf-stage, the most sensitive stage to chilling during nursery, using a chilling chamber set 11\circ C, 13hrs. 20K lux day/5$^{\circ}C$ night. Seedlings were reared until 35 days after seeding in a 26\circ C, 13hrs. day / 18\circ C night chamber except the period of chilling treatment for 0, 3, 4, 6, 8 or 10 days. The new varieties were approximately twice susceptible to elastic injuries, and thrice susceptible to plastic injuries than the Japonica varieties in the term of chilling duration. Among the variables indicating apparant chilling injuries the reduction in dry matter responded most sensitively and differentiated well the varietal difference in chilling resistance even with shorter chilling period. Sequential aspects of the cause and effect relations involved in the development of the apparant chilling injuries are discussed and a schematic diagram is presented as Fig. 5 in the text.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.294-299
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• 1991

Eight naked barley cultivars were grown in three production systems to select proper cultivars for dual production of forage and grain and to determine production system x cultivar interactions. In the forage systems. barley was seeded on September 27 and October 17, harvested for forage on November 1. December 10 and February 12 from the September 27 planting (forage system I) and on December 10 and February 12 from the October 17 seeding(forage system II). In the grain-only system, barley was planted on November 5. In forage system I, oven-dried forage yields of eight cultivars ranged 195 to 296kg/10a and Saessalbori and Naehanssalbori yielded significantly higher than the other cultivars recording 280 and 296kg/ l0a, respectively. In forage system II, oven-dried forage yields of eight cultivars ranged 106 to 143kg/10a showing no significant difference among cultivars. Production system x cultivar interactions were significant for lodging at maturity, powdery mildew rating, 1000 kernel weight and grain yield. Leaf area index and biomass at heading, no. of spikes per $m^2$, no. of kernels per spike and test weight were not affected by the production system. Forage utilization delayed heading by 3 days and reduced culm length, spike length, lodging due to heavy rain on May 5 and lodging at maturity except for Songhagbori and Naehanssalbori. Forage utilization did not significantly affect grain yield from the September 27 planting but reduced 9% from the October 17 planting. while Saessalbori and Hyangcheonggwa 1 yielded significantly less than in the grain-only system. Songhagbori appears to be a proper cultivar for dual production of forage and grain in Cheju, considering forage and grain yields. and lodging and powdery mildew resistance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.104-118
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• 2009

This study was carried out to classify Korean soybean varieties base on maturity group (MG) and to find character relationships according to planting date for high quality soybean seed production adapted to early season cultivation environment of Miryang. Results of maturity grouping of Korean soybean varieties showed that Keunol (3 cultivars), belonged to Group 0; Seonnok and Danmi in Group II, Shinrok in Group III, Seonyu (17 cultivars), in Group IV, Taekwang (44 cultivars) in Group V, Daewon (25 cultivars) in Group VI, and Kwangdu and Keumdu in Group VII. Agronomic characteristics of 100 soybean varieties were compared based on MG, cultivation year and seeding date. Soybean varieties belonging to the MG $VI{\sim}VII$ showed longer days to flowering and growth period, high lodging density and higher yield. Seed quality analysis revealed that as maturity was delayed, seed weight becomes heavier while seed cracks become abundant. In addition, occurrence of purple seed and phomopsis were higher in MG $0{\sim}III$. Protein content was higher in MG $0{\sim}III$, and isoflavone content was higher as maturity was delayed. On the other hand, lipid content was generally similar across MGs. Correlation analysis of major agronomic characters showed positive relationships between days to flowering and growth days, seed weight and lodging in MG $IV{\sim}V$, seed crack and growth days in MG $0{\sim}III$, seed crack and days to flowering in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$, seed crack and lodging in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$, seed crack and seed weight in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$, purple seed and growth days in MG $IV{\sim}V$, purple seed and seed weight in MG $VI{\sim}VII$, phomopsis and growth days in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$, and phomopsis and purple seed in MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$. In contrast, a negative relationship was observed between seed weight and lodging in MG $0{\sim}III$. Correlating yield and major characters revealed negative relationships between days to flowering and growth days in MG $0{\sim}III$ and MG $IV{\sim}V$, whereas positive relationships were obtained on MG $VI{\sim}VII$ seeded on April 30. Lodging, seed weight and seed crack were all negatively correlated with yield in the MG $IV{\sim}V$ and MG $VI{\sim}VII$. Soybean cultivars identified as adaptable to early season planting for production of high quality soy curd and fermented soybean paste were Seonyu, Kwangdu, and Soho while those suited for the manufacture of soybean sprouts were Sobaeknanul, Kwangan, Sowon, and Bosuk. Geomjeong 2 chosen as best for mixing with rice.