• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.90-94
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• 2013

Potato cv. 'Haryeong' was bred with high solids, resistance to late blight and good culinary quality. It has been registered as new potato variety in 2005. Tuber necrosis symptoms such as severe superficial necrosis, raised surface lesions and ringed necrotic areas were found in tubers of 'Haryeong' during storage of seed potatoes in 2010. Potato virus Y (PVY) was detected from these symptomatic tubers by the analysis of RT-PCR using a primer set specific to coat protein gene of PVY. The nucleotide sequence of RT-PCR product ($PVY^{Hkr}$) was determined and compared to those of other strains, such as $PVY^{Kor}$, $PVY^N$, $PVY^{NTN}$, $PVY^O$, and $PVY^C$ registered in GeneBank. The result showed that $PVY^{Hkr}$ was exactly the same as $PVY^{Kor}$, Korean isolate reported in 2005, except two nucleotides. To verify the PVY was responsible for the tuber necrosis symptoms shown in the tubers of 'Haryeong', a bioassay was done using two viruses (PVY and Potato leafroll virus) and five potato cultivars ('Haryeong', 'Superior', 'Atlantic', 'Dejima', and 'Chubaek'). As expected, the same necrosis symptom appeared in tubers of 'Haryeong' infected with PVY only during the storage period.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.794-802
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of antioxidants on lipid oxidation in uncooked ground pork which was treated with ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, GFSE (grapefruit seed extract), carnosine and rosemary, respectively. The ground pork samples were uncooked and cooked during 10 days of storage at $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lipid oxidation and fatty acids composition were analyzed for over a periods of storage day. From the results mentioned above, antioxidative activity on lipid oxidation of uncooked ground pork appeared to be in order of carnosine > rosemary > ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ > GFSE. It would not be problem that addition of carnosine in uncooked ground of resulted in an increase of pH because the high pH could be advantageous on processing of meat. Antioxidative activity on lipid oxidation of cooked ground pork appeared to be in order of carnosine > rosemary > ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ > GFSE. Although the antioxidants were not lost their antioxidative }ctivities after cooking, their antioxidative activities in cooked ground pork were not higher than that of uncooked ground pork. That addition of carnosine increased the pH of cooked ground pork, too.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.459-462
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• 2009

'Fuyu' (Diospyros kaki L.) is an important sweet persimmon cultivar, and the fruits are often stored in a modified atmosphere after harvesting in South Korea. However, blossom-end browning and darkening of fruit often occur after harvest or during storage, which decreases fruit quality in the fresh fruit market. High fruit calcium concentration would reduce oxidation of phenolic compounds in the cytoplasm such oxidation is responsible for fruit browning. This study investigated the effects of soluble calcium fertilization and foliar application, and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) fertilization on fruit quality and browning. Trees received one of the following five treatments: 1) control (no calcium or IBA); 2) calcium fertilization (Ca FG, 2 mL per tree); 3) calcium foliar application (Ca FA, 2 mL); 4) calcium and IBA fertilization (Ca+IBA) 5) IBA fertilization (IBA, 2 mL. Fruit calcium concentration was highest in trees treated by Ca FA, and lowest in control trees. Generally, fruit calcium concentration was high in the stem end but low in the blossom end, which usually first develops fruit-browning symptoms. There were no apparent differences in fruit qualities such as firmness, soluble solid content, and weight among treatments. Fruit browning occurred at frequencies of about 14%, 20%, and 50% on Ca FA, Ca FG, and control trees, respectively. Therefore, the improved fruit calcium level seen when trees received Ca or IBA application tended to prevent fruit browning, which increased fruit quality and storage properties.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.47-58
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• 1988

두가지 쌀 품종(品種) 종자(種子)(S-201, IR-8)의 호분층을 주사(走査) 및 투과(透過) 전자현미경(電子顯微鏡)으로 관찰(觀察)하면 구형(球形)과 결정형(結晶形)의 단백질체(蛋白質體)가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 구형(球形) 단백질체(蛋白質體)는 세포질내(細胞質內)에 존재(存在)하고 결정형(結晶形) 단백질체(蛋白質體)는 액포내(液胞內)에서 관찰(觀察)되었다. 가상적(假想的)인 한발 스트레스로서 열자극 처리(處理)($40^{\circ}C$ 에서 4시간)는 호분층(糊粉層)내에 단백질체(蛋白質體) 수에서 정상적(正常的)인 대조구보다 $40{\sim}50%$ 감소(減少)되었다. 또한 호분층(糊粉層)에서 단백질체(蛋白質體) 수의 감소(減少)는 IR-8품종(品種)보다 S-201품종(品種)에서 더욱 현저(顯著)하게 관찰(觀察)되었다. 열자극 처리(處理)로서 단백질체(蛋白質體) 수의 감소(減少)는 S-201품종(品種)에서 결정형(結晶形) 단백질체(蛋白質體)를 둘러싸고 있는 tonoplast membrane의 손상(損傷)으로 밝혀졌으며, 이런 손상(損傷)은 IR-8품종(品種)에는 좀 덜하다는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 이것은 S-201품종(品種)이 IR-8품종(品種)보다 열 자극(刺戟)(한발 스트레스)에 더욱 민감(敏感)하다는 것으로 사료된다. 두 품종(品種)의 종자(種子) 내배유(內胚乳)에 녹말(綠末)이 가득찬 주사(走査) 전자현미경(電子顯微鏡) 사진(寫眞)은 녹말(綠末)이 내배유(內胚乳)의 중앙(中央)으로부터 사출(査出)되는 hexagonal rods로 구성(構成)되어 있다는 것을 나타낸다. 이러한 hexagonal rods는 rods부터 쉽게 분쇄될 수 있는 triangular sectors로 구성(構成)되어 있으며, 이 sectors들의 각 내부(內部)는 $2{\sim}8$개의 단위(單位)로 구성(構成)되어 있는 커다란 compound starch grains들이 들어 있다. 이것은 쌀 내배유세포(內胚乳細胞)에서 compound starch drains들의 매우 다양한 크기를 설명(說明)하고 있다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 2008

The hybrid ($CSR2{\times}CSR4$) eggs treated with acid were taken up for the study with an objective to develop long-term preservation schedule. The hybrid eggs obtained with two mating duration (3 h and 6 h) and oviposition period (6 h and 24 h) with two age groups of eggs (24 h and 36 h) were treated with Hydrochloric acid. These eggs were subjected to preservation at $5^{\circ}C$ in single step refrigeration and at $5^{\circ}C$ and $2.5^{\circ}C$ under double step refrigeration from $10{\sim}120$ days. These eggs were released from the cold storage as per the specified durations and incubated at standard conditions and allowed 2 h for hatching at 450 lux light. Hatchability was found to be significantly higher or on par with the control in three treatments (T1, T2 and T4) where the eggs are preserved continuously at $5^{\circ}C$ up to 30 days. However under double step refrigeration, hatching was not significantly affected in 20+60 day's combination of T1 treatment up to 80 days. Bioassay studies of the promising treatment i.e.. T1 with (20+60) days indicated that early stage loss and cocoon yield was found to be on par with the control. Hence this treatment was recommended for preservation of acid treated new bivoltine hybrid layings. Details of the hatchability and rearing performance of long term preservation of acid treated eggs are discussed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2010

Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Betula ermanii segregate vertically at an elevation of approximately 1,850 m on Mt. Neko in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. B. platyphylla var. japonica and B. ermanii were the dominant species below and above this altitude, at which the mean-annual and growing-season air temperatures were $4^{\circ}C$ and $14.1^{\circ}C$, respectively. Based on a modification of Kira's warmth index which employs cumulative temperature represented as $^{\circ}C$ day, leaf unfolding in both species was observed to be initiated at $58^{\circ}C$ day and $169^{\circ}C$ day, respectively. In 1996, leaf unfolding was initiated on 18 May in B. platyphylla var. japonica (+/-6 days) and on 5 June in B. ermanii (+/-8 days), shortly after the last frost which occurred on 5 May 1995 above 1,850 m; below this elevation there was no risk of frost at the time. At elevations above 1,850 m, the unfolded leaves of B. platyphylla were damaged by late frost, while B. ermanii escaped injury because the leaves were still protected by winter buds. The optimum temperature for seed germination in both B. platyphylla and B. ermanii was $30^{\circ}C$. Temperature alternation from 10 to $30^{\circ}C$ and moist storage of seeds at $4^{\circ}C$ (stratification) prior to incubation increased germination rates in both species. The seedlings of B. ermanii had a greater survival rates than those of B. platyphylla var. japonica when planted above 1,850 m. Comparisons of the timing of leaf unfolding and the latest frost at a site appeared to be the main factors affecting the vertical distribution of these species.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.107-122
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• 2012

In plants, color is a powerful tool to attract insects and herbivores which act as pollinators and vehicles of seed dispersion. In particular, flower color has held key post for human with aesthetic value. Horticultural industry has developed methods to produce new and attractive color varieties in flowering plants. Carotenoids are one of the main pigments being responsible for red, orange, and yellow colors. Their biosynthetic pathway has been considered as a major target of metabolic engineering for color modification of flowers and fruits. Here, we review the diverse efforts to modify pigment phenotype by the control of carotenogenic gene expression and enzyme levels. Recent reports about regulating degradation and storage of carotenoids will be also summarized to help the creation of engineered flower with novel color phenotype which is not existed in nature.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.851-856
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• 2004

Minerals separated from irradiated dried red pepper (whole) at 2.5 kGy or higher showed typical thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves ($TL_1$) at around $150^{\circ}C$, which increased with irradiation dose. The TL ratio ($TL_1/TL_2$) through re-irradiation step at 1 kGy enhanced reliability of TL identification results. DNA comet assay indicated that the intact cell was observed in non-irradiated pepper (seed), while some long tails were found in irradiated ones, showing relationship between irradiation dose and tail length. Log DEPT/APC values increased in proportion to irradiation doses in powdered and whole peppers. Based on overall results, irradiated dried red peppers could be screened using DNA comet assay or log DEFT/APC, and moreover the identification results were verified by TL analysis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.245-249
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial acid rain on the growth of soybean irradiated with the low dose gamma radiation. The growth patterns of Hwangkumkong and Bangsakong were not dependent on the acid rain treatment and the period of seed storage but the radiation dose. In Hwangkumkong, the optimal irradiation dose for the growth promotion was lower in the acid rain treatment group than the control group. The symptom of acid rain damage appeared broadly around pH 2.20, were higher in Hwangkumkong than in Bangsakong, and were more effective in the seeds of 1997 than 1995. But the damage symptom of Bangsakong was not dependent on the acid rain treatment and the irradiation of gamma radiaiton.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 1997

Antifungal activities of the crude extracts of Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Coptis japonica and Phellodendron amurense were tested against Phvtophthora capsici. and the control effect on red-pepper phytophthora hlight and phytotoxicities of red-pepper were investigated. The results were summarized as follows; Mycelial growth and zoosporangial germination of the red-peppcr phytophthora hlight organism P. capsici were inhihited hy thc crude extracts of plant materials. Methanol extracts or plant materials had hctter antifungal activity than water extracts at hoth a room temperature and a hoiling condition. Antifungal activities of three crude extracts were gradually decreased with prolonged storage period. Red-pepper phytophthora hlight was effectively controlled hy the crude extracts of three plant materials. Of these. the crude extract of C. japonica was marvelously effective. Phytotoxic symptom to red-pepper seedling showed hy water cultural method hut not by pot test. Seed germination and radicle growth of red-pepper were inhihited hy the crude extracts of three plant materials. Phytotoxic symptoms in the leaves and fruits of red-pepper were not ohserved with exogenous foliage application of the three crude extracts.