• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.571-576
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• 2019

The morphological changes of anthracnose (fungus) -infected tomato seeds have been studied to identify the infection and characterize its effect. Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) has been utilized as a nondestructive but efficient modality for visualizing the effects of fungal infection. The cross-sectional images extracted from a stack of en face FF-OCT images showed significant changes with infection in the seed structure. First of all, the seed coat disappeared with the infection. The thickness of the seed coat of a healthy seed was measured as 28.2 ㎛, with a standard deviation of 1.2 ㎛. However, for infected seeds the gap between surface and endosperm was not appreciably observed. In addition, the measurements confirmed that the dryness of seeds did not affect the internal seed structure. The reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) image revealed that the permeability of the seed coat, which plays the vital role of protecting the seed, is also affected by the infection. These results suggest that FF-OCT has good potential for the identification of fungus-infected tomato seeds, and for many other tasks in agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.411-420
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• 2003

To examine the seed morphology in Korean Orobanchaceae, seeds of 5 species including 1 variety in five genera and one related taxon, Boschniakia himalaica Hook. f. & Thomson in Hook. f. from the Himalaya (7 taxa in total) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two different seed types are recognized depending on three characters (e.g, .the seed size, seed coat structure and seed number per fruit). - Type I: size less than 1mm, seed coat structure reticulate and seed number per fruit more than ca. 1,000; Type II: size more than 1 mm, exotesta irregularly crested and seed number per fruit less than 1,000 (Lathraea japonicu Miq.). In Type I, three subtypes of exotesta internal surface pattern can also be classified; (1) Subtype Ia: reticulate - include irregularly striate (Ia') and deeply reticulate (Ia"), (2) Subtype Ib: foveolate, (3) Subtype Ic: smooth. Systematics application of the seed morphological data for the Korean Orobanchaceae is also briefly discussed.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.262-267
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• 2013

We developed a real-time screening system using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to distinguish the fruitful melon seeds efficiently. Cross-section images of melon seeds infected with Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) showed an additional layer that did not appear in normal seeds. Additional layer appeared under $100{\sim}300{\mu}m$ from the surface of the seed. OCT can visualize the micro-structural and morphological changes of the internal seed structure. Real-time OCT seed screening system provided the real-time, non-destructive, cross-section image and quantitative information such as A-scan analysis of selected region in the cross-section image. We can distinguish the viral infection seeds while monitoring the averaged A-scan analysis graph in real-time by considering the second peak value of the graph which refers to the layer that occurred owing to the virus. Real-time OCT seed screening system could assist to distinguish the disease caused by CGMMV.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.66-79
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• 2000

Anatomical characters such as stem, leaf, ovary, calyx lobe, ultrastructure of stigma, epidermis of leaf blade and midvein, corolla lobe, nectary, seed coat and pollen were examined on 6 taxa of Korean Ophelia, including 5 taxa distributed in south Korea and one taxon considered to be the variation type of Ophelia wilfordi, in order to clarify the limits of intersection and interspecies and to establish the taxonomic position. One taxon distributed in north Korea was also included in the description of species by observation of herbarium specimen of the University of Tokyo in Japan. The two sections were successfully distinguished by internal structure of ovary, morphology of nectary, surface sculpturing of corolla lobe and pollen, ultrastructure of seed and seed coat, which were useful characters to distinguish taxa higher than species. The variation type of Ophelia wilfordi was not distinguished with other species except for absent or present of purple spot in corolla lobe.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 1998

Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum) seedlings raised through its seeds can replace the rhizomes impelling higher cost for transplanting, This experiment was done to determine the seed characteristics and the germinating processes to give some information on bulk production of seedlings using the seeds. The external or internal morphology of seeds or seedlings grown in lab. or greenhouse was examined mainly with stereomicroscope. The external shape of Solomon's seal seed was hard seed-coat and orthotropous ovule with linear type embryo stretching to the center of seed. Germination proceeded through the several steps. The lower part of seed embryo having the primordia of bulbil and roots first grew before the bulbil and roots was developed from the primordia. The lower part of embryo was enlarged toward the endosperm of seed as soon as seed germinated. Then epicotyl was formed on the apex of bulbil. The epicotyl was elongated after at least 6-week chilling treatment for breaking its dormancy and the first leaf shape was affected by light intensity given during seedling emergence. The bulbil was the first organ of the rhizome used as tea or herb medicine.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.425-431
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• 2006

In order to investigate the effects of ethylene on the seed development of three corn types (dent, sweet, and super sweet corns), aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG) and silver thiosulfate (STS) and ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, CEPA) were applied either on whole plants or shanks of ears at 9 and 21 days after silking. Ethylene production of developing super sweet corn seeds was much higher than those of sweet and dent corns. The cavity in the endosperm tissues of the super sweet corn started earlier and endosperm was collapsed more severely compared to those of sweet and dent corns. Ethylene production seemed to be related to the death of endosperm cells to form a cavity. Application of AVG and STS reduced ethylene production and delayed cavity formation in endosperm of super sweet corn seeds, while CEPA increased ethylene production and enhanced the time of cavity formation. AVG and STS increased 100-seed weight, while CEPA decreased.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 2013

This research was carried out to clarify the germination characteristics with reference to hard seed coat in safflower. Morphologically, seed coat surface has hilum and micropyle which were evident during seed development stage. In the flower of developing seeds, the hilum area is connected with placenta of maternal tissue while the micropyle area is connected with the style of pistil. When the seeds imbibed, the hilum surface began to crack and the embryo protrudes through the hilum. To investigate the route for moisture absorption and gas exchange on the seed coat, the hilum and the micropyle were artificially sealed by paraffin. The seeds whose hilum were sealed could not germinate, which indicates that the exchange of moisture and oxygen takes place through hilum in safflower seeds. The germination was tested at $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $25^{\circ}C$ by three substrates with different moisture conditions; top of paper method (hilum submerged in water), between-paper method, and soil seeding. The germination percentages were 31.3% at $15^{\circ}C$, 15.7% at $20^{\circ}C$ and 6.0% at $25^{\circ}C$ in the top of paper method; and 45.5% at $15^{\circ}C$, 30.0% at $20^{\circ}C$ and 14.0% at $25^{\circ}C$ in the between-paper method; and 80.0% at $15^{\circ}C$, 77.0% at $20^{\circ}C$ and 78.0% at $25^{\circ}C$ in the soil seeding, respectively. When the internal structure of hilum was investigated through SEM, it was found out consisting of vascular bundle element. In conclusion, the hilum of safflower seed was closely related with water absorption and gas exchange during initial germination process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2010

The objective of this study is to elucidate the feasibility of synchrotron X-ray micro CT as a non-destructive imaging method to visualize the three-dimensional morphological structures of biological and non-biological samples. The experiments were conducted in 7B2 X-ray micro CT beamline in Pohang Accelerate Laboratory (PAL). A rotational 3-axis stage was specially designed for $0^{\circ}-180^{\circ}$ scanning of test samples. Preliminary tests were performed for opaque samples including a mosquito head, a plant seed and gas diffusion layer (GDL) of polymer electrolyte fuel cell to verify the feasibility of the X-ray micro CT. It visualized clearly the internal structure of all the test samples, supporting its usefulness.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Salt marsh is an important transitional zone among terrestrial, riverine, and marine ecosystems and is a productive habitat that interacts extensively with adjacent landscape elements of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Nowadays, in addition to various human activities, a variety of natural processes induce changes in salt marshes. This study aims to provide background information to restore disturbed salt marshes and to propose their ecological restoration using seed banks. The study area is a prepared area for the Gwangyang Container Port located in the southern Korea. This area was formed by accumulating mud soils dredged from the bottom of the forward sea. This land was created in a serial process of preparing the Gwangyang container port and the salt marsh was passively restored by seeds buried in mud soil dredged from seabed. As a result of stand ordination based on vegetation data collected from the land, stands were arranged according to tolerance to salinity in the order of $Suaeda$ $maritima$, $Salicornia$ $europaea$, and $Phragmites$ $communis$ communities on the Axis 1. Landscape structure of the projected area was analyzed as well. Edges of the projected area were divided from the marginal waterway by the dike. Four types of vegetation appeared on the dike: $Alnus$ $firma$ plantation, $Robinia$ $pseudoacacia$ plantation, $Lespedeza$ $cyrtobotrya$ plantation, and grassland. In the more internal areas, two types of vegetation sequences appeared: $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $glauca$ community-$Salicornia$ $europaea$ community sequence and $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $maritima$ community-$S.$ $europaea$ community sequence. Mixed community showed the highest species diversity (H' = 0.86) and $S.$ $europaea$ community showed the lowest (H' = 0.0). Evenness is the highest in Mixed community (J' = 2.26) and the lowest in $S.$ $maritime-S.$ $europaea$ community (J' = 0.0). Several plant communities were successfully established on the land created by mud soil dredged from the bottom of Gwangyang Bay. Moreover, community diversity in this area approached a similar level with those from other studies involving natural salt marshes. Therefore, restoration effect based on community diversity obtained in our study can be evaluated as a successful achievement. In this respect, although most salt marshes in Korea and other places worldwide have been destroyed or disturbed by excessive land use, feasibility of seed bank as a restoration tool is greatly expected.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.324-339
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• 1999

Morphological reinvestigation, external characters and discriminant functional analysis(44 qualitative characters) were examined on 6 taxa of Korean Ophelia, including 5 taxa distributed in south Korea, and one taxon considered to be the variation type of Ophelia wilfordi in order to clarify the limit of intersection and interspecies. And to establish the taxonomic position. One taxon distributed in north Korea was included in the description of species by observation of herbarium specimen of the University of Tokyo in Japan. The two sections were successfully distinguished by internal structure of ovary, morphology of nectary, number of corolla lobe and calyx lobe, and species were also distinguished by morphology of cauline leaf, and color and spot of corolla, respectively. The variation type of Ophelia wilfordi was not distinguished with other species except for absent or present of purple spot in corolla lobe. The results of the discriminal functional analysis indicated that characters of corolla were the most important qualitative characters to distinguish the Ophelia taxa, and morphology of seed and seed coat was useful characters to distinguish taxa higher than species. Therefore the difficult problems of identification of species were successfully solved, and the taxonomic position in intrageneric level was clarified on Korean Ophelia.