• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.396-400
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the dry matter (DM) yield, quality and utilization of nutrients in Korean lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim.) swards as a roughage source. DM yield in various stages, chemical composition, and DM digestibility were observed, and DM intake, digestibility and utilization of nitrogen and energy by Korean native goat were determined. Experimental diets include three treatments: mixture hay (MH) 100%, MH (80%)+wild Korean lespedeza hay (LH) 20% and MH (60%)+LH (40%). As growth stage advanced, the DM yield of Korean lespedeza tended to increase significantly (p<0.05). The mean DM yield of all growing stages was observed as 7,336 kg/ha. Crude protein (CP) content of Korean lespedeza tended to decrease, but fibrous contents tended to increase when the growth stage advanced. The tannin content of Korean lespedeza was the highest at the bud stage (64.7 mg/g). However, it showed a tendency to decrease as the growth stage advanced, and thus it was the lowest at the ripe seed stage (26.8 mg/g) (p<0.05). With increasing level of LH, voluntary DM intake by Korean native goats slightly increased, but no differences were observed between diets. The digestibility of DM, cellular constituents and NDF was slightly higher in LH containing diets than that of MH 100% diet (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in apparently digested N% among all diets, but retained N% and retained N% of the absorbed were higher in MH (60%)+LH (40%) than those of other diets (p<0.05). A difference in the utilization of energy was not detected. In conclusion, Juvenile LH improved the digestibility of nutrients, presumably due to its high CP content and low fibrous compound. Especially, tannin in LH did not affect in DM intake, but increased the nitrogen utilization of Korean native goats. Accordingly, it could be suggested that Korean lespedeza has a potential to be provided as a roughage source for Korean native goats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.150-154
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• 1980

For the purpose of clarifying the changes of free amino acid content in seeds of Korean mung bean during the ripening process, samples ranging in five stages-10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after blooming were collected. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Amino acids detected in the first stage were lysine, histidine, arginine, cystine, aspartic acid, threonine (including serine), glutamic acid, valine, methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfone. 2) In the second stage (15 days after blooming) more amino acids such as glycine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalaninc, and methionine were detected in addition to those in the first stage. More methionine was appeared, while the level of methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfone was decreased. 3) In the 3rd stage leucine was first detected. The level of leucine was increased slowly as the seed was being ripened. After 4th stage methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfone were not detected, while the level of methioniene was steadily increased. 4) After 20 days the levels of lecuine, valine. isoleucine, and methionine were increased, while the others were either decreased or remained at the same level.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2013

Eleven types of nuts and seeds were analyzed to determine their energy (326-733 mg), moisture (1.6-18.3 mg), carbohydrate (8.8-70.9 mg), protein (4.9-30.5 mg), lipid (2.5-69.8 mg), and ash (1.2-5.5 mg) contents per 100 g of sample. Energy content was highest in pine nuts (733 mg/100 g), carbohydrate level was highest in dried figs (70.9 mg/100 g) and protein was highest in peanuts (30.5 mg/100 g). The amino acid compositions of nuts and seeds were characterized by the dominance of hydrophobic (range = 1,348.6-10,284.6 mg), hydrophilic (range = 341.1-3,244.3 mg), acidic (range = 956.1-8,426.5 mg), and basic (range = 408.6-4,738.5 mg) amino acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were highest in macadamia nuts (81.3%), whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were highest in the walnuts (76.7%). Macadamia nuts did not contain any vitamin E, whereas sunflower seeds contained the highest level (60.3 mg/kg). Iron (Fe) content was highest in pumpkin seeds ($95.85{\pm}33.01$ ppm), zinc (Zn) content was highest in pistachios ($67.24{\pm}30.25$ ppm), copper (Cu) content was greatest in walnuts ($25.45{\pm}21.51$ ppm), and lead (Pb) content was greatest in wheat nuts ($25.49{\pm}4.64$ ppm), significantly (P < 0.05). In conclusion, current commercial nuts and seeds have no safety concerns, although further analysis of Pb contents is necessary to ensure safety.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.648-658
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• 2016

Preservation of fresh algae plays an important role in algae seed subculture and aquaculture. The determination and examination of the changes of cell viability, composition, and bacterial species during storage would help to take suitable preservation methods to prolong the preservation time of fresh algae. Nostoc flagelliforme is a kind of edible cyanobacterium with important herbal and dietary values. This article investigated the changes of bacterial species and biochemical characteristics of fresh N. flagelliforme concentrate during natural storage. It was found that the viability of cells decreased along with the storage time. Fourteen bacteria strains in the algae concentrate were identified by PCR-DGGE and were grouped into four phyla, including Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Among them, Enterococcus viikkiensis may be a concern in the preservation. Eleven volatile organic compounds were identified from N. flagelliforme cells, in which geosmin could be treated as an indicator of the freshness of N. flagelliforme. The occurrence of indole compound may be an indicator of the degradation of cells.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2012

Pumpkins have considerable variation in nutrient contents depending on the cultivation environment, species, or part. In this study, the general chemical compositions and some bioactive components, such as tocopherols, carotenoids, and ${\beta}$-sitosterol, were analyzed in three major species of pumpkin ($Cucurbitaceae$ $pepo$, $C.$ $moschata$, and $C.$ $maxima$) grown in Korea and also in three parts (peel, flesh, and seed) of each pumpkin species. $C.$ $maxima$ had significantly more carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fiber than $C.$ pepo or $C.$ $moschata$ (P<0.05). The moisture content as well as the amino acid and arginine contents in all parts of the pumpkin was highest in $C.$ $pepo$. The major fatty acids in the seeds were palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. $C.$ $pepo$ and $C.$ $moschata$ seeds had significantly more ${\gamma}$-tocopherol than $C.$ $maxima$, whose seeds had the highest ${\beta}$-carotene content. $C.$ $pepo$ seeds had significantly more ${\beta}$-sitosterol than the others. Nutrient compositions differed considerably among the pumpkin species and parts. These results will be useful in updating the nutrient compositions of pumpkin in the Korean food composition database. Additional analyses of various pumpkins grown in different years and in different areas of Korea are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1998

All the triacylglycerols including the molecular species having ${\Delta}^5$-unsaturated fatty acids from the seeds of Pinus Koraiensis, were split into a mixture of diacylglycerols by a Grignard reagent prepared with allyl bromide without arousing acyl chains of a glycerol moiety to migration, and were also easily partially hydrolyzed to diacylglycerols by pancreatic lipase. (S)-(+)-(1-naphthyl)ethyl urethane(NEU) derivatives of the diacylglycerol mixture derived from the triacylglycerols were fractionated into sn-1, 3-, sn-1, 2- and sn-2, 3-DG-NEU by silica-HPLC and the fatty acid composition of these fractions was analysed. $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ is distributed evenly in the three positions of TG with $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ mainly located in sn-2 position, while ${\Delta}^5$-unsaturated fatty acids such as ${\Delta}^{5.9}-C_{18:2}$, ${\Delta}^{5.9.12}-C_{18:3}$ and ${\Delta}^{5.11.14}-C_{20:3}$ are exclusively present in the sn-3 position. These results could be confirmed by $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy : the signals at $^{\delta}$173.231 ppm and $^{\delta}$172.811 ppm of the carbonyl carbon of acyl moieties indicate the presence of saturated acids and/or $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ (oleic acid) in the ${\alpha}({\alpha}')$- or ${\beta}$- positions, and $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ including $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ in the ${\beta}$-position, respectively. In addition, the resonance at $^{\delta}$173.044 ppm suggested a location of ${\Delta}^5$-unsaturated fatty acid moiety in the ${\alpha}({\alpha}')$-position.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.157-161
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• 2005

In order to investigate the geographical variation of Glycine soja distributed in southern area of Korean peninsula, 8 local populations(Sokcho, Wonju, Mt. Chiak, Cheongju, Andong, Taegu, Ulsan, Sacheon), which located from $34^{\circ}50'00"N$ to $38^{\circ}12'00"N$, were selected according to their latitudes and geographical distances. The seeds of these populations were collected and their contents of mannose and galactose were investigated, Mannose contents in the seeds were variable in the range between the highest 460.00 mg/g (Andong) and the lowest 55.23 mg/g(Sacheon). The contents of galactose were represented remarkable differences from 67.17 mg/g(Sacheon) to 387.50 mg/g(Ulsan) also. The local populations were classified into 3 types such as the middle southern inland type (Andong, Taegu), the middle northern type(Wonju, Mt. Chiak, Cheongju) and the coastal type(Sokcho, Ulsan, Sacheon) according to the ratio of mannose and galactose, which indicate the hardness of seeds in Leguminosae, ranged from 0.41 to 1.73. Particularly, those of middle southern inland populations represented the high values compared with those of other populations.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.369-373
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• 2004

In order to elucidate the possibility of artificial production of p. ferulae by solid-state culture, the optimization of culture conditions was carried out. When $NH_4H_2PO_4$ and $CaCO_3$ were used in the cultures using test tube with 30 g of Populus sawdust at $25^{\circ}C{\pm}1$ in the dark, the favored mycelial growth was observed with $1\%$ of $NH_4H_2PO_4$ and the production of polysaccharide was 7.85 mg/100 mg of mycelium with $1\%$ of $CaCO_3$. The mixtures of $80\%$ of Populus Sawdust and $20\%$ of rice bran at $60\%$ of water content were determined to be optimal for the production of fruiting bodies in the sawdust culture. When three treatments containing various ratios of garlic powder were conducted, yields of fruiting bodies were drasti[ally higher than those of Synthetic mixture without garlic powder The highest yield (143 g/bag) was obtained with $7\%$ garlic powder. The yield of synthetic mixture containing $7\%$ of garlic powder was $83\%$ higher than that of Sawdust culture. The reason why garlic powder did support growth was not clear but it is possible that garlic powder might contain effective components for the formation of fruiting body. The optimal synthetic mixture composition consisted of cotton seed $77\%$, lime $6.4\%,\;K_2HPO_4\;0.2\%,\;KH_2PO_4\;0.2\%,\;CaHPO_4\;0.2\%$, corn flour $4\%$, wheat flour $5\%$, and garlic pow-der $7\%$.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 1999

The visco-elastic properties of gluten are major determinants of the processing properties of doughs. These visco-elastic properties are strongly influenced by the ratio of monomeric and polymeric proteins and the size distribution of the polymeric proteins, which make up the gluten fraction of the dough. Recent studies have revealed that other features, such as the number of the cysteine residues of the HMW-GS, also play an important role in determining the functional characteristics. To modify the processing properties at molecular level, the relationship between the structure of molecules and dough properties has to be understood. In order to explore the relationships between individual proteins and dough properties, we have developed procedures for incorporating bacterially expressed proteins into doughs, and measuring their functional properties in small-scale equipment. A major problem in investigating the structure/function relationships of individual seed storage proteins is to obtain sufficient amounts of pure polypeptides from the complex families of proteins expressed in the endosperm. Therefore, we have established a simplified model system in which we produce specific protein genes through bacterial expression and test their functional properties in smallscale apparatus after incorporation into base flour. An S poor protein gene has been chosen as a template gene. This template gene has been modified using standard recombinant DNA techniques in order to test the effects of varying the number and position of cysteine residues, and the size of the protein. Doughs have been mixed in small scale apparatus and characterized with respect to their polymeric composition and their functional properties, including dough mixing, extensibility and small scale bating. We conclude that dough characteristics can be manipulated in a predictable manner by altering the cysteine residues and the size of high molecular weight glutenins.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 1986

Experiments were conducted to know the inorganic compound absorption of leaf, and the organic component, oil content, fatty acid composition of seeds by different fertilizer levels and growth stage of Pungn-yeonggage. Ripening rate and seed yield were highest under the standard of nitrogen fertilizer level. Nitrogen and potassium amount of leaves were highest at 20 days after seedlings, but there was no difference in phosphate between growth stages. Absorptions of nitrogen and potassium were increased by applying double amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Oleic fatty acid content was found highest under the double amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizer level, and linoleic fatty acid content was increased with double amount of phosphate fertilizer level.