• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.134-142
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• 2010

Although BinSo-San(BSS), a mixed herbal formula consisted of 11 types of medicinal herbs and have been used as anti-inflammatory agent, In the present study, the acute toxicity (single oral dose toxicity) of lyophilized BSS aqueous extracts was monitored in male and female mice after oral administration according to Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines (2005-60, 2005). In order to observe the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$), approximate lethal dosage (ALD), maximum tolerance dosage (MTD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body wt.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines (2005-60, 2005). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after dosing according to KFDA Guidelines (2005-60, 2005) with organ weight and histopathology of 12 types of principle organs. We could not find any mortality, clinical signs and changes in the body weights except for dose-independent increases of body weight and gains restricted in 1000 mg/kg of BSS extracts-dosing female group. Hypertrophic changes of lymphoid organs.thymus, spleen and popliteal lymph nodes were detectedat postmortem observation with BSS extracts dose-dependent increases of lymphoid organ weights, and hyperplasia of lymphoid cells in these all three lymphoid organs at histopathological observations. These changes are considered as results of pharmacological effects of BSS extracts or their components, immunomodulating effects, not toxicological signs. In addition, some sporadic accidental findings such as congestion spots, cyst formation in kidney, atrophy of thymus and spleen with depletion of lymphoid cells, and edematous changes of uterus with desquamation of uterus mucosa as estrus cycles were detected throughout the whole experimental groups including both male and female vehicle controls. The significant (p<0.01) increases of absolute weights of kidney and pancreas detected in BSS extracts 1000 mg/kg-treated female group are considered as secondary changes from increases of body weights. The results obtained in this study suggest that the BSS extract is non-toxic in mice and is therefore likely to be safe for clinical use. The LD50 and ALD of BSS aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected upto 2000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. In addition, the MTD of BSS extracts was also considered as over 2000 mg/kg because no BSS extracts-treatment related toxicological signs were detected at histopathological observation except for BSS or their component-related pharmacological effects, the immunomodulating effects detected in the present study.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.95-110
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• 2004

Objectives : Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's diseases are chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract identified mainly for diarrhea, stomachache, hemafecia. The source and pathologic mechanism about ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are still unknown but stress, infection, a genetic factor, environmental factors etc. may be the cause of chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract recently. Methods : Because ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is recognized as Ha-ri(下痢) or Jang-Byok(腸?) in Oriental Medicine, Rhizoma Coptidis Herbal acupunctures were injected in hapgok $(LI_4)$ which is used to treat intestinal disease in clinic. All animals were subjected to the injection of saline $(300\;{\mu}l,\;500\;{\mu}l)$ for a study control and TNBS $(300\;{\mu}l,\;500\;{\mu}l)$ into the lumen of the colon, 8cm proximal to the anus through the intestine. Rhizoma Coptidis Herbal (20 mg/ml, 0.4 ml) acupuncture solution was injected to the $LI_4$ (both hands) at the secondary injection time of TNBS in rats. And body weight, RBC count, WBC count, total protein, Paw edema rate, rate of protein leakage into CMC-pouch fluid, IgG levels and IgM levels were observed to study the effects of Rhizoma Coptidis Herbal acupuncture in hapgok $(LI_4)$. Results : In results, Rhizoma Coptidis Herbal acupuncture in hapgok $(LI_4)$ on TNBS-induced colitis reduced the rate of weight loss but had no effect on RBC and WBC count. And it reduced total protein concentration, paw edema, rate of protein leakage into CMC-pouch fluid, IgG levels and IgM levels. Conclusion : Data suggest that injection of Rhizoma Coptidis herbal acupuncture solution into hapgok has significant therapeutic effect on the colitis.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.352-358
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• 2020

홍국은 한국에서 오랫동안 음식과 전통의학 소재로 사용되어 왔다. Monascus sp.의 생장과 2차 대사과정을 통해 Monascus 색소, monacolins, γ-aminobutyric acid 등을 생산할 수 있다. Monascus 종의 대사산물인 monacolin K, γ-aminobutyric acid과 dimerumic acid는 특정 항산화 효과로 인해 콜레스테롤과 혈압을 낮춘다고 알려져 있다. 이 연구는 Monascus sp.로 발효된 홍국쌀 에탄올 추출물의 항염증 활성을 조사하였다. 홍국 에탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량을 측정하였고, 항염증 효과는 LPS가 유도된 Raw 264.7 cell에서 NO 생성, iNOS 및 사이클로옥시게나아제-2(cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)) 단백질 활성을 측정하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 발효되지 않은 일반쌀보다 높은 함량을 나타내었다. NO 생성 저해활성 평가는 400 ㎍/ml 농도에서 LPS를 처리하지 않은 음성대조군의 NO 생성량과 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질 발현 저해활성은 400 및 800 ㎍/ml에서 iNOS의 발현을 상당부분 억제하였다. 홍국 에탄올 추출물은 높은 항염증 효과를 확인하였으며, 기능성화장품 및 항염증소재로서 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제9권9호
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• pp.919-925
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• 1999

가공열처리에 의한 결정립계조절 개념을 이용하여 Alloy 600 재료의 결정립계특성과 부식특성을 조사하였다. 가공열 처리에 따른 결정립계특성 변화를 EBSP로 분석하였으며, 결정립계특성 변화가 입계부식 및 응력부식균열 거동에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 가공열처리 반복에 따른 각 단계에서의 CSL 입계의 분율 변화가 두드러지지는 않았으나, 상용재료에 비하여 CSL 분율이 약 10% 이상 향상된 결과를 얻었다. 결정립계특성 변화에 따라 입계부식 저항성이 현저하게 증가하였으나, 1차측 응력부식균열 특성에 있어서는 가공열처리를 반복할수록 파단시간과 최대하중이 감소하고 평균 균열성장속도가 증가하였으며 2차 균열이 억제되는 결과를 얻었다. 결정립계의 \`fine tuning\` 기구가 이러한 부식거동변화에 작용한 것으로 해석할 수 있었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2015

CdS 양자점 입자는 특정 파장의 빛을 방출하는 반도체 나노 결정으로 이러한 광학적 특성 때문에 질병 진단 시약, 광학기술, 미디어 산업 및 태양전지와 같은 다양한 분야에서 응용되는 물질이다. 방출하는 빛의 색은 입자의 크기에 의존하기 때문에 CdS 양자점 입자의 크기 및 크기분포를 정확하게 분석하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 CdS 양자점 입자를 감마-선 조사법(${\gamma}$-ray irradiation method)을 이용하여 합성하고, 크기 및 크기 분포도를 결정하기 위하여 침강 장-흐름 분획법 (SdFFF)를 이용하였다. 침강 장-흐름 분획법을 이용한 CdS 양자점 입자의 정확한 분석을 위하여 분석조건의 최적화(유속, 외부장 세기, field-programming)에 대하여 조사되었다. 투과 전자 현미경(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)으로 확인된 단일 입자의 크기는 ~4 nm 였으며, 단일 입자의 응집으로 생성된 2차 입자 크기의 평균은 159 nm로 확인되었다. 첨가된 입자 안정제의 농도가 증가할수록 CdS 양자점 입자의 크기가 감소하는 경향성을 확인하였다. 침강 장-흐름 분획법, 투과 전자 현미경, 그리고 동적 광 산란법(dynamic light scattering, DLS)으로 결정된 CdS 양자점 크기는 각각 126, 159, 그리고 152 nm 였다. 본 연구의 결과로 침강 장-흐름 분획법은 비교적 넓은 크기분포를 갖는 다양한 종류의 무기입자의 크기 및 크기 분포도를 결정하는데 유용한 방법임을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2016

Various microflora, including lactic acid bacteria, are important and necessary components of various cheeses and have significant roles in cheese manufacturing and ripening. In general, the starter culture and secondary microflora could affect the physicochemical properties of various cheeses and could contribute to modifications during manufacturing and ripening. Therefore, during cheese manufacturing and ripening, microbial diversity may depend on continuous interactions among microflora and various environmental conditions. The microbial diversity of cheese is very complex and difficult to control using the classical microbiological techniques. However, recent culture-independent methods have been rapidly developed for microflora in cheese, which could be directly detected using DNA (and/or RNA) in combination with culture-dependent methods. Therefore, this review summarizes state-of-the-art molecular methods to analyze microbial communities in order to understand the properties that affect quality and ripening as well as the complex microbial diversity of various raw-milk, long-ripened cheeses.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-28
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• 2012

Since its establishment in 1948, World Health Organization (WHO) has tried and facilitated international cooperation of public health under the goal of "the highest attainable health," and gained outcomes like the eradication of smallpox and polio, turning itself into the representative of international public health. However, there was discord between member nations during the cold war era, and the status of WHO experienced rise and fall after its establishment. WHO, the representative international health organization, also has not been freed from influences from international regime changes, which means that the discussion on the internal causes of WHO functionings should be expanded more. In this study, functionalism was tested as one of international relations theory that tries to explain the establishment and role of WHO. Especially, this study analyzed the problems and problem-solving process that WHO had to face by using Imber's five steps theory that arranged chronologically the theory of Mitrany. We mainly investigated the secondary source that described historic facts on the rise and fall of WHO in terms of roles and functionings during establishment of WHO, the cold war era, and international cooperation of public health. The roles of WHO were analyzed by selecting the gains of WHO in the post cold war era. The functionalism arrangement of Imber was appropriate to some extent in explaining the establishment and role of WHO. The first step was International Sanitary Conference in 1851 that made nations to recognize international cooperation of public health, and the second step was the establishment of WHO that handles public health as an international organization. Recent cases of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and International Health Regulations showed that each nation agreed with an international norm that they had to cooperate each other to tackle infectious diseases and smoking, and this implies that these were emergence of global governance. This process was the third step of Imber's theory (nations had a gain from international cooperation would agree with the expansion of authority of international organization). However, the last two steps of the theory are still not realized. The partial success of WHO was based on the functional elements that WHO deals with non-political elements, human resources centering on professionals, and democratic decision making process. This essential and non-political characteristics mean that necessity of international cooperation catalyzed by WHO would continue despite of the global governance era when global health governance get faced more challenges.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.38-44
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• 1979

연맥품종 Pennfield의 등숙기동안 이삭의 $^14$C-sucrose 침지, $^14$$CO_2$의 지엽 또는 이삭 조사로서 동화물질의 source를 달리하였을 때 grain sink의 기능을 종실성숙의 정도, 소수의 수, 종실의 위치를 비교하여 검토하고, 절엽 및 제영처리를 하여 source와 sink간의 균형을 변화시켰을 때 종실중에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1. 절취된 이삭의 하부에 $^14$C-sucrose를 침지하였을 때 종실로 $^14$C물질의 전류는 개화후 15일까지 직선적으로 상승하고 18일까지 급격히 하락하여 종실중의 증가보다 빨리 시작하고 먼저 끝나는 경향을 보였다. 하위절위 종실이 상위절위보다 $^14$C의 전류가 높았는데 이는 등숙의 진행이 늦은 때문이었으며 일차영화는 이차영화보다 높은 sink의 기능을 보였다. 2. 식물체에$^14{CO}_2$를 조사하였을 경우 이삭조사가 지엽조사보다 전류률이나 종실당 specific activity에서 3배 이상 높게 나타나 이삭이 종실의 등숙에 보다 효과적인 source임을 보여주었다. 종실당 specific activi쇼는 sink인 소수의 수의 영향보다 source의 종류에 따라 크게 달라졌으며 source의 activity가 큰 순서인 이삭의$^14$C-sucrose 침지 > 이삭의 $^14$$CO_2$ 조사 > 지엽의 $^14$$CO_2$ 조사 순으로 나타났다. 3. 절엽 및 제영처리로서 source/sink ratio를 변화시켰을 때 source/sink ratio가 감소함에 따라 종실중이 감소하였으며 엽면적과 소수의 수를 동시에 반감하였을 때 정상식물의 종실중과 차이가 없었다. 모든 잎을 제거하였을 때도 종실중에서 16% 감소에 불과하여 이삭의 동화작용이 크게 기여하는 것으로 보인다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.110-117
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 2017년 6월부터 7월까지 국내 충남 소재 2차 의료기관의 임상검체에서 분리 된 20개 균주와 ICU환경으로부터 분리 한 4개를 포함해 총 24개의 MRSA 균주에 대한 분자유전학적 특성을 분석하기 위해 SCCmec typing과 mec complex typing을 수행하였다. 임상검체에서 분리된 MRSA 20균주의 SCCmec typing 분석 결과 SCCmec type II가 8건, type IVa가 1건, Not-typeable이 11건으로 나타났다. 의료기관 중환자실 환경에서 분리 된 MRSA 중 한 균주는 mecA 유전자를 가지고 있지 않은 것으로 확인되었으며, 나머지 세 균주는 SCCmec type II, III, IVa가 각각 한 건으로 나타났다. 임상검체와 중환자실 환경검체에서 분리된 MRSA는 SCCmec typing 결과 그 기원이 서로 다른 것으로 나타났으나, 의료기관 환경에서 분리된 1건의 경우 그 기원이 서로 일치하여 의료종사자의 손, 가운 등을 매개체로 하여 환경내의 MRSA가 환자에게 전파되었을 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. 이후 추가적인 연구를 통해 좀 더 많은 수의 병원감염 관련 균주를 대상으로 추적조사를 실시 한다면 임상 현장에 감염관리와 관련한 더욱 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.270-277
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• 2014

Background: The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on ginsenoside production in different organs of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) was evaluated after the whole plant was dipped in an MJ-containing solution. MJ can induce the production of antioxidant defense genes and secondary metabolites in plants. In ginseng, MJ treatment in adventitious root resulted in the increase of dammarenediol synthase expression but a decrease of cycloartenol synthase expression, thereby enhancing ginsenoside biosynthesis. Although a previous study focused on the application of MJ to affect ginsenoside production in adventitious roots, we conducted our research on entire plants by evaluating the effect of exogenous MJ on ginsenoside production with the aim of obtaining new approaches to study ginsenoside biosynthesis response to MJ in vivo. Methods: Different parts of MJ-treated ginseng plants were analyzed for ginsenoside contents (fine root, root body, epidermis, rhizome, stem, and leaf) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng root significantly increased after 2 d of MJ treatment compared with the control not subjected to MJ. Our results revealed that MJ treatment enhances ginsenoside production not in the epidermis but in the stele of the ginseng root, implying transportation of ginsenosides from the root vasculature to the epidermis. Application of MJ enhanced protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, whereas chilling treatment induced protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the production of PPD-type and PPT-type ginsenosides is differently affected by abiotic and biotic stresses in the ginseng plant, and they might play different defense mechanism roles.