• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.557-565
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• 1984

The year-to-year fluctuations of seasonal variation of sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Korea Strait are studied based on monthly SST data for more than 50 years at Mitsushima ana Okinoshima in the strait. The frequency distribution of SST has two peaks at temperatures below and above the multi-year average, but that of SST anomalies has only one peak at the zero anomaly. More than $95\%$ of the anomalies are in the range of ${\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The harmonic constansts of seasonal SST variation vary from year to year. The standard deviations of annual means, annual amplitudes, ana semi-annual amplitudes are less than $1^{\circ}C$, and those of the annual ana semi-annual phases are about $5^{\circ}$ and less than $50^{\circ}$, respectively. The SST in the Korea Strait have a tendency to decrease their amplitudes as the annual means increase. Physical mechanisms responsible for the analyzed results are discussed in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.653-658
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• 2006

The seasonal predictability of typhoon activity over the western North Pacific is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model GCPS. A ten-member ensemble with different initial conditions is integrated for five months using observed sea surface temperature data for each year from 1979 to 2003. It is shown that the monthly variation of occurrence frequency of simulated tropical storms and the distribution of tropical storm genesis location are similar to those of observed tropical storms, but the model is unable to reliably predict the interannual variation of the occurrence frequency of tropical storms. This is largely because the observed relationship between tropical storm occurrence frequency and ENSO is different from the simulated one. Unlike the observation, in which the tropical storm occurrence frequency has no relation to ENSO, the model has a tendency to generate more (less) tropical storms than normal during El Nino (La Nina). On the other hand, the interannual variation of the mean longitude of tropical storms that shows a close connection with ENSO in both observations and simulations is simulated similar to the observation.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.882-889
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• 2012

This study has evaluated the trophic state in Daecheong Lake by Carlson (1977) method, Aizaki (1981) method, Yang and dickman (1993) method, and Korean trophic state index method. For estimating the trophic state index from each analysis method we use water quality factors such as COD, TN, TP, Chl-a, and SD provided by the water information system and the ministry of environment. The seasonal lake trophic state results denote the mesotrophic state lake from Carlson (1977) method, Aizaki (1981) method, and Korean trophic state index method and the high relation between Carlson (1977) method and Aizaki (1981) method with the coefficient of determination $R^2$ greater than 0.9 for all the seasons. Although Korean trophic index method has relatively weak relation to other methods with the coefficient of determination $R^2$ ranging from 0.419 to 0.701, we propose that Korean trophic index method is suitable for use in domestic lakes since Korean trophic index results show the similar periodicity and tendency with other method results. Hence, Korean trophic index method incorporating domestic lake characteristics is expected to can contribute to seasonal water quality management measures in lakes.

• Water for future
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 1983

The water demand has been rapidly increased by the growth of population, industrialization, unbanization, water pollution and so on. This study carried out the seasonal pre-reserved planning for the five zones, comparing the water demand with the available water resources up to the goal year, 2001. The results of this study are as follows; 1) It is principle that the monthly water demand is supplied by the surface and ground water as the increasing tendency of it, and the deficit of water is supplemented by the water supplying capacity of dam. And water demand should be completely reserved before supplying the deficit of water. 2) The monthly and seasonal maximum deficit of water demand take place in June and summer. 3) The periods when the deficit of water demand exceeds the water supplying capacity of dam are 1984-1990, 1994-2001 in zone III. 4) To reserve the deficit of water demand in zone III, we would like to pre-construct Masan-Keumbo estuary barrage from 2001 to 1991 in Seomjin river basin, the deficit of water demand is supplied by the diversion of water from Yeongsan river basin with the developments of the ground water and small reservoirs until 1986.

• Archives of design research
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• no.16
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• pp.185-196
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• 1996

The series of ‘Dubonnet’poster is one of the masterpieces of Cassandre who was the leader of advertising poster in 1920's and 1930's. Orihinally it was a triptych, but it was developed as a serial work later through lettering and seasonal advertising posters. It was kept in circulation for more than two decades and issued in a variety of formats. In this thesis I tried to figure out the artistic character and uniqueness of Cassandre's poster by analyzing it with many different points of view of the poster, the stream of changing style and influence from the Avant-garde painting. In chapterII, objectively analyzing the series of‘Dubonnet’one by one, I examined the method that Cassandre used to deliver the concept of advertising and his message. The triptych, the first one of series of Dubonnet poster is witty, the slogan is a pun using the words dubo(doubt), bon(good), and Dubonnet, and the theme is treated as an animated sequence in the manner of a comic strip. In the following winter and summer seasonal advertising posters, the‘Dubonnet man’in the same position is enjoying the‘Dubonnet’, irrespective of the hazards of climate and season, There was a change towards 1929 that rectilinear design gave place to supple and undulating lines in Cassandre's posters. Seasonal advertising posters also showed the change, and the tendency of realistic and concrete elements of an expression was strengthened. In chapterIII, I studied three as main characters of Cassandre's poster. The first one is simple and geometric expression, second one is uniqueness of figures and the last one is important roll of lettering. Cassandre believed that there were fundamental differences between the function of a poster and that of a painting. He also recognized that the symbol was the essential element in the poster design, which would be simply and swiftly recognized. The recognition led him to simple design and bold geometric abstraction. He was a man who knew the value of copy in advertising and developed it fully in his simplified geometric compositions by integrating of letterforms and image. The‘Dubonnet man’is geometrized, almost featureless. This approach of rendering human beings was one that Cassandre had used from the early years, most notably in his posters for Dubonnet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.920-926
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• 2019

In this study, we analyzed the erosion variation of beach area at Haeundae Beach after coastal improvement project using video monitoring system operated by the Coastal Erosion Monitoring (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries). Haeundae Beach was well maintained and stabilized following large scale nourishment through coastal improvement project despite of seasonal fluctuations. However, multiple typhoons over the last two years caused beach stabilization patterns and seasonal fluctuations to lost equilibrium, resulting in rapid erosion. In particular, the sandy beach was eroded by typhoon Solic and Kongray in 2018 and failed to recover beach area in winter by seasonal fluctuations. And due to multiple typhoons in 2019, the beach area was reduced 9.5 % (12,607 ㎡) year-on-year. According to analyze the observed wave and beach area data in Haeundae, the tendency of erosion and sedimentation was influenced by seasonal incident wave direction for each section(west, center and east part). Therefore, to identify the causes of decreasing seasonal fluctuation characteristics and continuous erosion, hereafter, more precise monitoring of different factors are needed, such as the crest heights of submerged breakwater and its loss of function, and sand leakage to the outside around submerged breakwater.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.15-26
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• 2020

There are fifteen non-point pollution management areas in Korea and three of them (Doam lake, Daegi district and Golji-cheon) are located in the upstream of the Namhan river watershed. Many efforts to reduce non-point sources (NPS) pollution have been conducted, however, water quality pollution in the watershed is still serious. To solve these problems, it is a priority to grasp water quality using statistical techniques. In this study, a trend analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of NPS management in the watershed. The long-term trends from 1996 to 2018 of water quality properties were analyzed using data collected from the water environment information system. Seventeen monitoring stations were selected along the main stream in Namhan river basin. Monthly water quality properties (BOD, COD, TN, TP, TN/TP ratio, Conductivity, SS and Chlorophyll-a) were collected and analyzed by Mann-Kendall test and LOWESS. The results showed that the Conductivity tended to increase in all regions and was the highest level in Jijangcheon. Organic pollution such as BOD and COD tended to increase in the Jungseon area. SS did not show a large tendency, but it showed high concentration in the Doam watershed. In all regions, 40% of water quality properties showed a tendency to 'UP', 15% of water quality properties tended to 'DOWN', and 46% indicated no tendency. In order to determine the cause of this, additional research and measures for improvement are necessary. This study will be used for the establishment of water quality policy in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.178-178
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• 2023

Drought and flooding have historically coexisted in Korea, occurring at different times and with varying cycles and trends. The drought indicators measured were (PDSI), (SPI), and (SPEI) in order to statistically analyze the annual or periodic drought occurrence and objectively evaluate statistical characteristics such as the periodicity, tendency, and frequency of occurrence of droughts in the Doam watershed. To compute potential evapotranspiration (PET), both Thornthwaite (Thor) and Penman-Monteith (PM) parameterizations were considered, and the differences between the two PET estimators were analyzed. Hence, SPIs 3 and SPIs 6 revealed a tendency to worsen drought in the spring and winter and a tendency to alleviate drought in the summer in the study area. The seasonal variability trend did not occur in the SPIs 12 and PDSI, as it did in the drought index over a short period. As a result of the drought trend study, the drought from winter to spring gets more severe, in addition to the duration of the drought, although the periodicity of the recurrence of the drought ranged from 3 years to 6 years at the longest, indicating that SPIs 3 showed a brief time of around 1 year. SPIs 6 and SPIs 12 had a term of 4 to 6 years, and PDSI had a period of roughly 6 years. Based on the indicators of the PDSI, SPI, and SPEI, the drought severity increases under climate change conditions with the decrease in precipitation and increased water demand as a consequence of the temperature increase. Therefore, our findings show that national and practical measures are needed for both winter and spring droughts, which happen every year, as well as large-scale and extreme droughts, which happen every six years.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.253-267
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• 2005

Seasonal and spatial variations of tidal flat sediments were studied in Yeoja Bay. Results of the yearly observation of tidal flat transect lines indicated that the monthly change of grain size composition was not distinct from each tidal flat transect line, but it was quite clear that clay covered $40\~70\%$ of the sediment composition. Clay composed most highest in the northern part of the bay, and lowest in the western. As clay content increased, water and organic matter showed a tendency of increase, while the mean grain size was fixed per clay amount. Shear strength came out as 0 kPa as a whole. Seasonal variations of clay contents in each tidal flat were higher in winter and spring, but lower in summer and autumn. Thefine sediments were likely to be accumulated in the winter and spring. The average accumulation rate of each tidal flat was $-14.62\~38.57mm{\cdot}yr^{-1}$. The numbers showed $32.13mm{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the northern, $-14.62mm{\cdot}yr^{-1}$in the western, and $6.46mm{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ in the eastern part. During the coarse of this study sediment accumulation rates indicated that the sediments deposited continuously in the northern part of tidal flat, whereas erosion occurred in the western part. However, there was no distinct change in the eastern part. It was due to the clockwise lateral circulation in Yeoja Bay. Seasonally, sedimentation happened during the dry season (winter and spring) and erosion during the wet season (summer and autumn).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine conspicuous consuming tendency and imported-brand preferences based on purchasing behavior of clothing. 464 women living in Seoul were collected for this study. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range teats, and $X^2-test$ were used. As the result, five factors in conspicuous consumption are generated from the factor analysis. Consumers with high conspicuous consumption prefer imported-brand clothing. According to the levels of conspicuous consumption, purchasing behaviors of clothing are significantly different in information usages, clothing selection evaluations, patronage store types, purchasing frequencies, and seasonal clothing expenditure. Finally, clothing purchasing behaviors are significantly different by imported-brand clothing preference in information usages, clothing selection standards, and patronage store types.