• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 1994

Two studies were conducted using 40 cross-bred bulls to study the effect of chopping, moistening with water or common salt solution on the nutritive value of rice straw (variety BG-400). Moistening with water did not significantly effect digestibility or intake of rice straw. As compared to straw fed in the long form, chopping did not significantly influence intake (2.33 vs 1.97kg $100kgBW^{-1}day^{-1}$, respectively), but significantly (p<0.05) decreased the digestibility (41.6 vs 37.4%) and intake of digestible dry matter (0.99 vs 0.74kg $100kgBW^{-1}day^{-1}$). Rice straw moistened with 2 or 4% common sea salt solution and directly fed to animals (Exp. 1) did not significantly effect its digestibility (43.9 and 43.1%, respectively) or intake (2.66 or 2.59kg $100kgBW^{-1}day^{-1}$, respectively), but over night storing of 2% salt solution sprayed straw (Exp. 2) significantly reduced its digestibility (33.6%). The latter is difficult to explain because the sodium concentration (mg/g straw dry matter) was lower than 4% salt solution treatment used in experiment 1 (3.30 vs 5.22). It is concluded that chopping, moistening with water or NaCl salt solution did not significantly improve the nutritive value of rice straw.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.511-518
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• 1985

As one of the sensory factors for characterizing food quality, volatile compounds have been particularly contributed to sensory evaluation of fermented sea foods in Korea. But no chemical investigation of the volatile compounds of fermented anchovy as one of the most favored fermented sea food products has been reported. Accordinglry, for a series study of processing of low salt fermented sea foods, changes in volatile compounds and fatty acid composition of fermented anchovy with low salt contents ($4\%$ of salt contents) were experimented fermentation comparing with conventional fermented anchovy ($20\%$ of salt contents). Total lipid of raw anchovy was composed of $77.6\%$ of neutral lipid, $22.1\%$ of phospholipid and $0.3\%$ of glycolipid. And polyenoic acid was held $39.8\%$ of fatty acid composition of total lipid and the major fatty acids in those were $C_{22:6},\;C_{20:5}$. During the fermentation of anchovy saturated fatty acid ($C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{l4:0}$) and monoenoic acid ($C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1}$) increased while polyenoic acid ($C_{22:6},\;C_{20:5}$) decreased greatly. Thirty-eight kinds of volatile component from the whole volatile compounds obtained from fermented anchovy after 90 days fermentation were identified, and composed of some alcohols (8 kinds), carbonyl compounds (9 kinds), hydrocarbons (8 kinds) and fatty acids (8 kinds). During fermentation 8 kinds of volatile acids, 5 kinds of amines, 9 kinds of carbonyl compounds were also detected. Those volatile acids such as acetic acid, isovaleric acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid were the major portion of total volatile fatty acids of 60 days fermented anchovy prepared with low salt contents. On the other hand, carbonyl compounds such as ethanal, 3-methyl butanal, hexanal, 2-methyl propanal were the major ones, while TMA held the most part of volatile amines in fermented anchovy with low salt contents after 60 days. Conclusively, there was little difference in composition of volatile components, but merely a little difference in content of those between low salt fermented anchovy and conventional fermented ones.

• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2017

The $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ particles over the Yellow Sea of Korea were collected by ship-borne observation during two cruises in spring, 2015. Their water-soluble ionic components such as $NH_4^+$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, $Cl^-$, $F^-$, $CH_3COO^-$, $HCOO^-$, and $CH_3SO_3^-$ were analyzed, in order to examine the pollution characteristics of the secondary aerosol components. The comparative study of particle size distribution has resulted that $NH_4^+$, $nss-SO_4^{2-}$, $nss-Mg2+$, $nss-K^+$, $HCOO^-$, and $CH_3SO_3^-$ species mostly existed in fine particle mode. Meanwhile, nss-F-and sea-salt species were distributed in both fine and coarse particle mode, $NO_3^-$, $nss-Ca^{2+}$, $CH_3COO^-$ species were rich in coarse particle mode. The concentrations of secondary pollutants($nss-SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, $NH_4^+$) increased in fine particles, and those of natural components ($nss-Ca^{2+}$, Sea-salt) increased in coarse particles. $NH_4^+$ exists as the form of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$, and mostly as $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in fine particles. $NH_4NO_3$ has lower content compared to $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, and it mostly existed in fine particles at Yellow Sea I and in coarse particles at Yellow Sea II. The concentration ratios of $NO_3^-/nss-SO_4^{2-}$ for Yellow Sea I and Yellow Sea II were 0.52 and 0.16 in coarse particles, and they were 0.64 and 0.38 in fine particles, respectively, showing that the stationary source emissions were more important than mobile source emissions in Yellow Sea II (except Passage II-4).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.382-386
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• 1983

In order to utilize effectively sea mustard(Undaria pinnatifida) which is excellent in nutrition and medical action, powdered sea mustard juice was prepared and then its chemical composition and the stability of pigments were examined. Powdered sea mustard was made by washing fresh sea mustard with tap water to remove clay and sand, blanching at $85^{\circ}C$ for 20 sec in mixing solution(3% salt+1% $MgCO_3$), hot air drying($50-55^{\circ}C$, 3 hrs) after draining and pulverizing dried sea mustard to 200mesh. And then powdered sea mustard mixtures for juice type beverage was made by adding 0.75% of salt, 1.25% of sugar, 0.2% of ascorbic acid, 0.25% of flour of roasted barley and 0.8% of pulverized sea mustard to 100ml of water. Chemical composition of product was not scarcely changed during processing while amino-nitrogen content was increased and alginic acid and ash contents were decreased. The retention of chlorophyll and total carotenoid pigments of product against fresh sea mustard were 91.6% and 89.5% respectively. Judging from sensory evaluation, color, flavor, taste and dispersibility of powdered sea mustard juice were excellent and undesirable flavor of product was masked by addition of flour of roasted barley.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.10c
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• pp.211-216
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• 1998

Recently the shortage of good aggregate has encouraged the use of sea sand in construction field, and the corrosion damage of the reinforced steel in concrete structures has been increased due to chlorides from sea sand and deicing salt. Therefore, a number of researchs are proceeding to prevent the corrosion of the reinforced steel in concrete, especially in marine environments. This study focused on the effect of corrosion inhibitors to evaluate protection characteristics for mortar specimens containing clorides. Corrosion behaviors have been investigated by half-cell potential measurement, linear polarization method, AC impedance method, and cyclic polarization test after immersing in sea water for 7 years. A possitive effect of a corrosion inhibitor has been obtained.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.21-24
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• 2001

As one of the phil-environmental alternative plan of Saemankeum project, gradual development is recommended. The procedure of the Saemankeum project start with the completion of 32 km long sea-dikes which contains two discharge gates until the year 2004. Second step is pre-development of Mangyoung area permitting temporary intrusion of sea water, i.e. tides, by the opening of discharge gate until the environmental evaluation on the water quality of this area secures permanent meet to government's water quality standard. Therefore this study is to predict the future condition of this tidal flat with the point of view tidal environments, salt, water quality, soil mechanics, etc. of Mangyoung area when the sea water still passed in the inland reservoir through the discharge gate.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2024

Korea is surrounded by the sea on three sides, salt marshes and coastal sand dunes adjacent to them are developed. This study attempted to reveal the characteristics of the coastal ecosystem by investigating and analyzing the characteristics of plant communities and flora of 571stands of 48 sites in the salt marshes and coastal sand dunes on the western and southern coasts of Korea. As a result, in the salt marshes, 39 vegetation units appeared, with Phragmites australis community having the widest area and Chenopodium virgatum community having the narrowest area. Suaeda glauca community was distributed closest to the coastline, while Suaeda maritima community extended the farthest seaward. In the coastal sand dunes, 29 vegetation units were distributed with Elymus mollis community having the widest area and Salsola komarovii community having the narrowest area. Calystegia soldanella community was showed closest to the coastline, while Rosa rugosa community extended the farthest landward. The flora of the salt marshes consisted of 6 families, 14 genera, 17 species, 1 variant, and 18 taxa (floristic regional indicator score; 16) and the coastal sand dunes consisted of 11 families, 18 genera, 20 species, 1 variant, and 21 taxa (floristic regional indicator score; 34) appeared slightly higher than that of salt marshes. This result is interpreted that halophyte that are sensitive to salinity can grow on the coast of the west-south coast of Korea because coastal sand dunes are more indirectly affected by sea than salt marshes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.66-80
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• 1989

Salt injury in rice is caused mainly by the salinity in soil and in the irrigated water, and occasionaly by salinity delivered through typhoon from the sea. The salt concentration of rice plants increased with higher salinity in the soil of the rice growing. The climatic conditions, high temperature and solar radiation and dry conditions promote the salt absorption of rice plant in saline soil. The higher salt accumulation in the rice plant generally reduces the root activity and inhibits the absorption of minerals of rice plant, resulting the reduction of photosynthesis. The salt damages of rice plant, however, are different from different growth stage of rice plants as follows: 1. Germination of rice seed was slightly delayed up to 1.0％ of salt concentration and remarkably at 1. 5％, but none of rice seeds were germinated at 2.5％. This may be due to the delayed water uptake of rice seeds and the inhibition of enzyme activity, 2. It was enable to establish rice seedlings at seed bed by 0.2％ of salt concentration with some reduction of leaf elongation. The increasing of 0.3％ salt concentration caused to the seedling death with varietal differences, but most of seedlings were death at 0.4％ with no varietal differences. 3. Seedlings grown at the nursery over 0.1％ salt, gradually reduced in rooting activity after transplanting according to increasing the salt concentration from 0.1％ up to 0.3％ of paddy field. However, the seedlings grown in normal seed bed showed no difference in rooting between varieties up to 0.1％ but significantly different at 0.3％ between varieties, but greatly reduced at 0.5％ and died at last in paddy after transplanting. 4. At panicle initiation stage, rice plant delayed in heading by salt damage, at meiotic stage reduced in grains and its filling rate due to inhibition of glume and pollen developing, and salt damage at heading stage and till 3 weeks after heading caused to reduction of fertilization and ripening rate. In viewpoint of agricultural policy the overcoming strategy for salt injury is to secure sufficient water source. Irrigation and drainage systems as well as underground drainage is necessary to desalinize more effectively. This must be the most effective and positive way except cost. By cultural practice, growing the salt tolerant variety with high population could increase yield. The intermittent irrigation and fresh water flooding especially at transplanting and from panicle initiation to heading stage, the most sensitive to salt injury, is important to reduce the salt content in saline soil. During the off-cropping season, plough and rotavation with flooding followed by drainage, or submersion and drainage with groove could improve the desalinization. Increase of nitrogen fertilizer with more split application, and soil improvement by lime, organic matter and forign soil addition, could increase the rice yield. Shift of trans-planting is one of the way to escape from the salt injury.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2004.07c
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• pp.1832-1834
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• 2004

The degree of contamination on outdoor insulator is one of the most importance factors to determine the pollution level of outdoor insulations, and the sea salt is known as the most dangerous pollutant. As shown through the preceding study, the generation of salt pollutant and the pollution degree of outdoor insulator have a close relation with meteorological conditions, such as wind velocity, rainfall, and so on. So, in this paper, we have made database using the past meteorological data and ESDD(equivalent salt deposit density) and then we predicted the pollution degree in the future after analyzing currently meteorological data of database.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.94-99
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• 2008

Three types of salt resistant concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer-ribbed bars (GFRP-ribbed bars) were selected, and their applicable properties were investigated with the goal of improving the problem of capacity deterioration in marine structures due to sea water corrosion. In this study, the structural behaviors were similar to RC beams in relation to the development of the strength and stiffness up to the generation of the initial crack. After the growth of this initial crack, the structural properties decreased owing to a sudden loss of bond strength. Also these beams showed the trends of brittle failure. As a result, it was confirmed that a GFS beam replaced with Fly Ash (20%) and Silica Fume (5%) has the best application as a marine structural element.