• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.126-131
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• 1981

General composition, amines, and flesh tissue of boiled-dryed abalone and sea cucumber were compared with those of the freeze-dried abalone and sea cucumber. No significant differences were found in the general composition between the boiled-dried and freeze-dried, but the slight amount of soup flowed out from the boiled-dried. A specific feature is that 28.24% of ash was found in the boild-dried sea cucumber and 33.99% of ash in the freeze dried one in order of Na, K, Mg, Ca. Such contents of ash are considered to be due to salt and soft bone of samples. In the changes of amines in abalone and sea cucumber, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) showed no great difference between raw samples and the dried ones, but showed the decrease of 43% to 54% in the boiled-dried ones, compared with raw ones. Trimethylamine (TMA) was richer in the boiled-dried than in the dried. Dimethylamine (DMA) which has tendency of causing cancer in the human body showed 14 times of content in the freeze boiled-dried abalone, 18.5 times in the boiled-dried sea cu cumber and also showed 4.7 to 6.7 times of increase in the freeze dried, respectively compared with raw ones. The muscular change of abalone was not found in at freeze dried samples, but a considerable change in sea cucumber.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.64-79
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• 2015

We investigated the tidal current, hydrographic data, and benthic environment of major sea cucumber (Holothuroidea, de Blainville, 1834) habitats in Baengnyeongdo, Jindo and Uljin to understand the optimal environmental or ecological habitat for sea cucumbers. The three study areas were characterized by a cold-water mass of temperatures ranging $12{\sim}18^{\circ}C$, with an active circulation between the surface and deep waters. According to an analysis of the tidal current map, a strong flow velocity of $100{\sim}120cm\;s^{-1}$ appeared in Baengnyeongdo and Jindo. The three sea cucumber habitats showed the common characters of a bottom sediment composed of sand-silt, a diverse seaweed colony and benthic organisms, and boulders and rocks which provide a hideout for the organisms. We aimed to draw the optimal habitat condition for sea cucumbers in Korea, and the result showed that the low water temperature, rapid water flow, active vertical mixing between surface and deep waters, bottom composed by sand-silt, large rocks, and diverse seaweed colony and benthic organism were important factors. The optimal habitat for Juvenile sea cucumbers was the intertidal areas characterized by a muddy bottom, reef, and seaweed. The optimal habitat for adult sea cucumbers was characterized by a place where sand and mud are mixed, and the body size of the sea cucumber was proportional to water depth, and the relatively large boulders and rocks compared to the intertidal area.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2014

Two species of hippolytid shrimps, Eualus kuratai Miyake and Hayashi, 1967 and Heptacarpus igarashii Hayashi and Chiba, 1989, were collected at a sea cucumber farm from the East Sea. These species are described and illustrated for the first time in Korea. Eualus kuratai is closely related to E. middendorffi; however, it lacks a dorsomedian spine on the fourth and fifth abdominal somites. Heptacarpus igarashii can be easily distinguished from other Korean Heptacarpus species due to its short rostrum that lacks ventral teeth on margin. This report extends the previously known ranges from Japan and Korea. In Korea, both genera, Eualus and Heptacarpus, have seven species according to the present report, respectively; moreover, hippolytid shrimps now consist of 31 species of nine genera.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.681-687
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• 2018

Recently, several researchers have been developing cosmetics from natural ingredients for skin whitening and anti-aging products. The red sea cucumber (RSC), Apostichopus japonicas, is a species of sea cucumber in the family stichopodiae, which is widely distributed in China, Japan, and Korea. To use Red Sea Cucumber as a cosmetic ingredient, its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis and the anti-aging effects of RSC extracts were investigated. First, a tyrosinase activity assay was performed, which showed that RSC inhibited tyrosinase activity at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/ml$. An MTT assay was carried out to evaluate cell toxicity, and the results showed that RSC extract has no cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP-2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) genes treated with RSC extract in B16F10 and HaCaT cells decreased. Moreover, a wound-healing assay was performed to identify the cell regeneration effect of RSC extracts. Also, a skin turnover effect was confirmed by creating a three-dimensional cell culture with HaCaT and human fibroblasts. Altogether, the results suggested that Red Sea Cucumber may possess a high ability to induce whitening and anti-wrinkle effects as a cosmeceutical ingredient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 1997

To elucidate food value and medicinal effect of sea cucumbers, sugar composition of those gly-coprotein and chondroitin sulfate was studied. The contents of sulfate esters in sea cucumbers were 1.21%(blue), 0.90%(red) and 1.19%(black). Predominant carbohydrates were identified as fucose, glucose, D-mannuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, and those amount was more than 80% to total carbo-hydrate, while the minor sugar composition was ribose, mannose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and D-glucuronic acid. Also, the major carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins of sea cucumbers was revealed as fucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, glucose and ribose, and those amount was more than 86% to total carbohydrate. Galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, D-glucuronic acid and mannuronic acid were minor carbohydrate moiety. The contents of sulfate esters in glycoproteins were 0.96% for blue sea cucumber, 1.15% for red sea cucumber and 1.13% for black sea cucumber, while those in chondroitin sulfates were 3.52%(blue), 3.60%(red) and 3.72%(black). The carbohydrate moiety of chondroitin sulfate was identified as N-acetylgalactosamine (73~ 87%), fucose (7~15%) and D-glucuronic acid(5~12%). As the base on the IR spectrum of strong absorption appeared in 1240$cm^{-1}$ / for stretching vibrations in S=0 group and weak absorptions in 850$cm^{-1}$ / and 820$cm^{-1}$ /for stretching vibrations in C-0-S group, chondroitin sulfates had sulfate group which was bound to $C_4$in fucose.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2006

The investigation of the effect of the deep sea water in different concentration (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) on the inhibition of growth, fresh weight, dry weight of the tomato, hot pepper, cucumber plug seedlings were conducted. As the concentration of the deep sea water was higher, the greater inhibition was noticed. The height were decreased at the rate of 8%, 25%, 32% in tomato, 9%, 26%, 27% in hot pepper, and 21%, 50%, 58% in cucumber plug seedlings as compare to local check. The fresh weights were decreased highly, as the concentration of the deep sea water increased. Tomato seedlings showed the decrease rate of 12%, 23%, 33% at above the ground part of plants, and 2%, 30%, 52% at under the ground parts. Likewise, Hot pepper seedlings showed the decrease rate of 1.1%, 5.7%, 15.4% at above the ground part of plants, and 22.1%, 25%, 47.1%, respectively at under the ground parts. The fresh weight of cucumber was decreased at the rate of 8.1%, 36%, 51% in the above the ground, and 6.2%, 11%, 65% at the under the ground parts. In tomato, hot pepper, and cucumber seedlings, the dry weight was decreased as the concentration of deep sea water was increased. Thirty percent of deep sea water treatment reduced the dry weight of the seedlings as half of the control seedlings. One of the important factors of the seedling quality is compactness. Compactness was highest at 20% deep sea water in all the three crop seedlings.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2007

Resources of the sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus in the west coast of Korea are decreasing sharply due to overfishing and severe marine pollutions. Artificial seed production and release of this species need to be conducted to maintain sea cucumber stock in the region. In this study, to provide basic information for such works, reproductive cycle of sea cucumber collected from Anmyondo in the region was histologically studied for a year from October 2004 to September 2005. This species was dioecious, and its gonads was composed of a number of gametogenic follicles. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was reached the maximum in June (7.91), and the minimum in October (0.42). The main spawning occurs between June and August. The reproductive cycle of the sea cucumber could be divided into five stages: multiplicative stage (January to March), growing stage (March to April), mature stage (April to July), spawning.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2023

The sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is one of the most valuable aquatic species. The color of body wall and appearance are important for the value of sea cucumbers. To examine expression pattern of long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (LCAD), nuclear distribution C-containing protein 3 (NUDCD3), and receptor tyrosine kinase Tie-1 (TIE1), previously reported as differently expressed genes during the pigmentation of sea cucumber, we analyzed the temporal profiles of LCAD, NUDCD3, and TIE1 mRNAs in LED-exposed and light-shielded A. japonicus. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the LCAD, NUDCD3, and TIE1 mRNAs from the juveniles at 40-60 days post-fertilization (dpf) exhibited increasing patterns as compared to those of an early developmental larva (6-dpf). At 60-dpf juveniles, the LCAD and TIE1 mRNA levels of LED-exposed individuals were higher than those of light-shielded ones, whereas at 40-dpf and 50-dpf juveniles, the NUDCD3 mRNA expression was higher in the light-shielded condition (p<0.05). In the pigmented juveniles (90-dpf), the LCAD and TIE1 mRNA levels tended to show higher levels in red individuals than those in green ones, but there was a conversely higher level of NUDCD3 mRNA in green larva. In situ examination of LCAD and NUDCD3 mRNAs in light-shielded 6-dpf larva revealed that both genes are mainly expressed in the internal organs compared to the body surface. Together, these results may provide insights into the differential gene expression of LCAD, NUDCD3, and TIE1 during pigmentation process of the sea cucumber.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.366-371
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• 2017

Six experimental diets for juvenile sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus were evaluated and compared with current commercial diets. Sea cucumbers (50 per tank; initial mean weight $2.3{\pm}0.1g$) in three replicates of seven groups were fed one of six experimental diets (ED1, 20% wild-harvested Sargassum thunbergii powder; ED2, 20% commercial S. thunbergii powder; ED3, 20% Undaria pinnatifida and Ascophyllum nodosum powders; ED4, 40% U. pinnatifida and A. nodosum powders; ED5, 10% brewer's yeast; and ED6, 10% sea shell powder) or a commercial diet (CD) for 28 weeks. The survival rate in all groups was 85-94%, with no significant difference among the experimental groups. The mean body weight of the sea cucumbers was significantly different among the experimental groups 6 weeks after the feeding trial. The final mean weight of the sea cucumbers was highest in ED1, ED3, and ED4, followed by ED6, ED5, ED2, and CD, in decreasing order. The results of this study suggest that U. pinnatifida and A. nodosum powders could provide a substitute for the S. thunbergii powder commonly used in commercial sea cucumber diets. Thus, the EP4 diet formulation, which contains no S. thunbergii, could be used as a practical feed for juvenile sea cucumbers.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.195-199
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• 2017

A sea cucumber was collected from Gonghyeonjin in the East Sea of Korea at a depth of 50 m on 22 June 2011 and was identified as Psolus phantapus (Strussenfelt, 1765). This species belongs to the family Psolidae of the order Dendrochirotida based on morphological characteristics and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence analysis. Psolus phantapus, which widely distributes in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, is newly recorded in the Korean fauna. Two Psolus species including the previously reported P. squamatus are recorded in the East Sea of Korea.