• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.137-151
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• 2012

Objectives : provides the basis on steaming processing method (SPM) which was stated in 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun'. Methods : Drugs and prescriptions listed in 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun' were investigated by following criteria; (i) name and prescription of SPM-applied drugs, (ii) protocols on the use of the supporting materials, (iii) kind of supporting materials, (iv) processing period, (v) part of the herb plants, (vi) efficacy of herbal drugs, (vii) tastes of herbal drugs, (viii) meridian tropism of the herbal drugs. Results : 1. The number of herbs was 92 species of from 'Dongeuibogam', 87 from 'Euihakipmun', and the number of prescriptions was 197 from 'Dongeuibogam' and 119 from 'Euihakipmun'. 2. Infiltrating steaming and mixing and steaming procedures were used to process supporting materials. 3. The abundance of supporting materials was in the order of alcohol and ginger juice. 4. A twelve hour-period was most frequently used. 5. The herbal parts used most were in the order of fruit, seed, roots, and stem. 6. According to an efficacy category, a drug supplementing invigoration was used most frequently and a drug eliminating heat followed next. 7. Based on four spirit features, herbs showing warm, cold, and mild features were used most. 8. In considering five tastes, herbs showing sweet and bitter tastes were used most. 9. The herbs supporting the function of liver, kidneys, spleen, stomach, and lung were used in SPM. The herbs converging to the kidneys and the liver were conducted most in 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun' respectively. No case for herbal drug converging to 'Samcho' was reported. Conclusions : Our investigation on the use of SPM from 'Dongeuibogam' and 'Euihakipmun' revealed that there are special principles underlying the use of supporting materials, SPM period, parts and efficacy.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.64-78
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• 2009

Objectives: To research Korean oriental medical doctors' use of uninsured herbal extracts and how to bring about the insurance coverage of such herbal extracts. Methods: We surveyed Korean oriental doctors about the following issues from October 17th to November 15th, 2008: (1) Korean oriental medical doctors' knowledge about herbal extract insurance and the circumstances of oriental medicine in Korea, (2) their opinion on the coverage of currently uninsured herbal extracts and the dispensing of herbal extracts from pharmacies rather than from their clinics, (3) their use of herbal extracts, and (4) how to bring about insurance coverage of uninsured herbal extracts. Results: Over 70% of the respondents said that herbal medicine prescriptions have been reduced recently and that the existence of herbal medicine is in danger. In addition, 63.64% respondents agreed with expanding insurance coverage to include currently uninsured herbal extracts in spite of the fact that patients might have to obtain herbal extracts from pharmacies rather than from Korean oriental medical clinics. The average patient number per month of uninsured herbal extracts was 13.64 people, the average dosage was 5.64g, the average cost per day was 3,859 won, and the average prescription period was 2.65 days. Korean oriental medical doctors asked an average of 12,486 won for the medical examination-prescription fee and 3,292 won in fees for prescriptions obtained outside the hospital. If insurance coverage expands to include these herbal extracts, their usage is expected to increase 2.31 times. Conclusions: This study shows Korean oriental medical doctors' use of herbal extracts and their opinions about execution of herbal extracts' insurance. A periodic study such as this one will hopefully aid in establishing polices for uninsured herbal extracts' insurance.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.257-262
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• 2018

Objectives: Smoking cessation decreases morbidity and mortality due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation is highly effective. However, the optimal prescription rate of smoking cessation medications among smokers with COPD has not been systemically studied. The purpose of this study was to estimate the national prescription rates of smoking cessation medications among smokers with COPD and to examine any disparities therein. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study using National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 2007 to 2012. We estimated the national prescription rate for any smoking cessation medication (varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapy) each year. Multiple survey logistic regression was performed to characterize the effects of demographic variables and comorbidities on prescriptions. Results: The average prescription rate of any smoking cessation medication over 5 years was 3.64%. The prescription rate declined each year, except for a slight increase in 2012: 9.91% in 2007, 4.47% in 2008, 2.42% in 2009, 1.88% in 2010, 1.46% in 2011, and 3.67% in 2012. Hispanic race and depression were associated with higher prescription rates (odds ratio [OR], 5.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59 to 16.67 and OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.26 to 5.51, respectively). There were no significant differences according to insurance, location of the physician, or other comorbidities. The high OR among Hispanic population and those with depression was driven by the high prescription rate of bupropion. Conclusions: The prescription rate of smoking cessation medications among smokers with COPD remained low throughout the study period. Further studies are necessary to identify barriers and to develop strategies to overcome them.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the interpretation of the Ondam-tang(Ondam-tang, here-in-after referred to as "ODT") prescription in order to obtain the evidence for clinical applications. Methods : We have analyzed the interpretation on the ODT prescription through translations and comparisons based on classic books about the oriental medical prescriptions. Result : 1. ODT was first mentioned in the Jiyangfang(集驗方) which was quoted in the Waitaimiyao (外臺秘要). After that, in book Sanyinjiyibingzhengfanglun(三因極一病證方論), Chen-yan(陳言) completed and recorded in a book organizing prescriptions of ODT now in frequent use. 2. The Banha(半夏) removes the dam(痰-phlegm) and relieves emesis. The Jinpee(陳皮) encourages strengths, and the Bokryoung composes oneself and produces the water. The Licorice(甘草) relieves people's mind, and the Ginger relieves gastrointestinal problems and relieves emesis. Juk-yeo(竹茹) abate of the fever of the Sangcho(上焦). Jisil(枳實) encourages strength, controlling Samcho(三焦) as releasing the congestion of energy. In these ways, numerous symptoms resulted from the imbalances of the Gallbladder(膽) are treated. 3. Meaning of "on(溫-warm)" in ODT regains the original characteristic of the Gallbladder(膽). 4. Treatment mechanism of ODT is 'cooling the Gallbladder(膽)' and 'remedies Samcho(三焦)' and 'eliminates dam(痰)' and 'cure Kiwool(氣鬱-which is kind of depressions) and Saengyen(生涎-which is kind of phlegm)' and 'removes a mismatch between Gallbladder(膽) and Stomache(胃)'. Conclusion : In this study, we have demonstrated various methodologies. This paper will be useful to the future researchers and clinicians to conduct a study on herbal medicines such as the ODT.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.53-76
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• 2010

This report describes 173 formulas related to which are mainly used Paeoniae Radix in Dongeuibogam. The following conclusions were induced through investigations on the formulas that are used Paeoniae Radix as a main component. 1. We found the formulas in Dongeuibogam that Paeoniae Radix is used as a main ingredient in each prescriptions. 22 times(12.4%) of them are recorded in women's disease chapter, 20 times(11.3%) are in feces chapter, 14 times(7.9%) are in uterus, 12 times(6.8%) are in wind chapter, 10 times(5.6%) are in fatigue chapter, 9 times(5.1%) are in blood chapter, which are arranged in order of frequency. 2. Formulas that utilize Paeoniae Radix as the main ingredient are used in the treatment of women's disease, diarrhea, paralysis, yin and yang-deficiency syndrome. They are also used for treating 117 different types of diseases. 3. The dosage of Paeoniae Radix in formulas is from 1 don(nearly 3.75g) to 1 nyang 5 don (nearly 56.25g), however 1 don has been taken the most for clinical application. 4. Paeoniae Radix can make various effects with other ingredient, like fulfilling yin and blood, relaxing muscles and allaying pain. And this can be found in the formulas such as Samultang(四物湯), Jakyackgamchotang(芍藥甘草湯), Sambaektang(三白湯).

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-34
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• 2001

1. Crinical applicational of Sagoonjatang are frequently used in internal disease, G.I.T(Gastro Intestianl Tract) disease, chronical fatigue, athma, etc. 2. Sagoonjatang adjacent prescriptions in pathological organs are the stomach, the spleen, the kidneys, the heart, the lungs. 3. Sagoonjatang partake chronic fatigue disease, G.I.T disease, pulmonary disease, brain blood barrier disease, infertility, vomiting of pregnancy, sedation of brain, healing mechanism, sweating regulation, urination, peripheral blood ciraculation, electrolyte blance, etc.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.139.2-140
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• 2003

Tannin-rich fruit of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc has been used as an ingredient in several prescriptions of Oriental medicine. Cornis fructus was extracted by successive extraction. Cornis fructus extracts were investigated for antimicrobial and antioxidative activities. Antimicrobial effects used disk diffusion method. All extracts were examined against Streptococcus mutans. (omitted)

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2014

The concentration of 5 metals such as As, Cd, Co, Cr and Pb in 5 frequent using herbal medicinal prescriptions in Korea were analyzed according to the consuming area. The ready prepared 5 prescription samples were obtained from Korean regional hospitals nationwide. All the sample were well powdered and pre-treated to being a solution, and then analyzed by ICP/MS. As was detected the highest concentration of 0.55 mg/kg in Ojeoksan of Gyunggi-do, the lowest was 0.01 mg/kg of Sipjeondaebotang of Seoul C. The highest concentration of Co was found to be in Bojoongikgitang of Seoul B and the lowest was also detected in Bojoongikgitang of Seoul A. Cd concentration, Ojeoksan of Chungcheong-do, Bojoongikgitang of Seoul B and yookmijihwangtang of Chungcheong-do showed the low level of 0.1 mg/kg. In turn, the highest level of Cr was 5.59 mg/kg in Ojeoksan of Gyunggi-do B. The lowest concentration of Cr was 0.04 mg/kg in Sipjeondaebotang of Seoul C and the highest was 0.94 mg/kg in Samooltang of Gangwon-do. Finally, the lowest concentration of Pb was 0.00 mg/kg in Sipjeondaebotang of Chungcheong-do and the highest was 0.134 mg/kg in Ojeoksan of Jeju-do. As a result it seems that the same prescription can not guaranteed the safety from toxic metals since those metal concentrations are dramatically varied according to the area where the each prescribed medicine available.

• The Journal of Traditional Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2006

Objective: <千金方(Qianjinfang)> which documents a great amount of prescription of Acupuncture and moxibustion bikes an important role during the development of acupuncture and moxibustion. Thus, it have given rise us to the research-situation of Tang Dynasty China of previous period. This study was to outline the rules of choosing acupoints as well as the prescriptions of contemporary times in reference with <千金方(Qianjinfang)>, and to discuss the conception of acupuncture and moxibustion in <千金方(Qianjinfang)>. Method: Based on <千金方(Qianjinfang)>, the parameters were categorized to a certain scope, syndromes in different type were classified. Also numbers of acupoints, route of meridians locations, utilities of special acupoints even prescription methods were statistically analyzed in reference with <千金方(Qianjinfang)>. Results & Conclusion: Acupuncture prescription in <千金方(Qianjinfang)> was mostly presented by single acupoint and this was basic prescription of its rule of choosing acupoints. Choosing acupoint for the majority of various diseases started from choosing meridians with the disorder, but no rules for choosing acupoints was clear. There was basically various methods in choosing acupoints, but little were used by Biao-Ii meridian choosing method (表裏經配穴.) In the high frequency of use, wu-shu acupoints was higher used than other specific acupoints (特定穴). While wu-shu acupoints treated the major parts of the diseases, shu-mo acupoints were strictly used on system. Consequently : The theoretical basis originating the choosing rules of the acupoints and prescriptions was shown in <千金方(Qianjinfang)> as representative clinical reference, through which it was valuable to analyze the prescription rule and specificity of the acupoints.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.135-147
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• 2022

Sin Dae-woo was a scholar representing the Ganghwa School in the late Joseon Dynasty. He was Jeong Je-du's grandson-in-law and also in charge of organizing Jeong Je-du's collection of writings. His three sons had a particularly close relationship with their father, so even when they published a collection of writings after his father's death, the names of the three were combined and marked as Jin-jak-shin. The records they left include Seokcheon Il-seung, who described the history of the family along with the collection of writings, Seongdo Il-rok, a diary of the time of Seongcheon Busa, and many letters exchanged over time. These records draw attention as they contain records of medical life, such as eye diseases that the family suffered, infectious diseases that caused many casualties, and Yakro (distilled herbal essence) that showed records of being used for treatment at the time. In this paper: 1) We examine the medicines, prescriptions, acupuncture, and medication used to treat eye diseases. 2) We carefully examine the epidemic, the responses of the parties to it, and the attitudes of those who stood at the boundary between death and life. 3) We look for clues to the use of Western-origin drugs called Yakro. Intellectuals of the time looked deeper into Lee Kyugyung's book and Seo Yu-gu's book on how they were reflected in Joseon's medical life. In conclusion, in the 18th and 9th centuries, we see that the influential families of the Ganghwa school freely brought in famous acupuncturists, used prescriptions that were included in medical books or not, and used Yakro from western origin that were not traditional methods of Joseon. Thus, we reveal that doctors of the Joseon had the capacity to pursue their medical life more actively and had open-minded exchanges than our existing perceptions.