• ETRI Journal
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.194-207
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• 2022

In the last decade, substantial progress has been achieved in intelligent traffic control technologies to overcome consistent difficulties of traffic congestion and its adverse effect on smart cities. Edge computing is one such advanced progress facilitating real-time data transmission among vehicles and roadside units to mitigate congestion. An edge computing-based deep reinforcement learning system is demonstrated in this study that appropriately designs a multiobjective reward function for optimizing different objectives. The system seeks to overcome the challenge of evaluating actions with a simple numerical reward. The selection of reward functions has a significant impact on agents' ability to acquire the ideal behavior for managing multiple traffic signals in a large-scale road network. To ascertain effective reward functions, the agent is trained withusing the proximal policy optimization method in several deep neural network models, including the state-of-the-art transformer network. The system is verified using both hypothetical scenarios and real-world traffic maps. The comprehensive simulation outcomes demonstrate the potency of the suggested reward functions.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.230-236
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• 2022

Objectives: The primary goal of this article is to compare the multiple algorithms used for deadlock handling methods and then outline the common method in deadlock handling methods. Methods: The article methodology begins with introducing a literature review studying different algorithms used in deadlock detection and many algorithms for deadlocks prevented, recovered, and avoided. Discussion and analysis of the literature review were done to classify and compare the studied algorithms. Findings: The results showed that the deadlock detection method solves the deadlock. As soon as the real-time deadlock detection algorithm is identified and indicated, it performs better than the non-real-time deadlock detection algorithm. Our novelty the statistics that we get from the percentages of reviewing outcomes that show the most effective rate of 47% is in deadlock prevention. Then deadlock detection and recovery with 28% finally, a rate of 25% for deadlock avoidance.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.284-300
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• 2024

This study elucidates the achievement standards statements of the 2022 revised elementary school science curriculum to identify specific achievement standards for the upcoming curriculum. Therefore, the researcher analyzed the statements of the overall elementary school achievement standards based on Bloom's taxonomy of new educational objectives. The results are as follows. First, the achievement standards statements are biased toward certain knowledge and cognitive process dimensions; this aspect is not consistent with the goals of the 2022 revised curriculum and the teaching and learning directions of the science department. Thus, achievement standards that enable various types of activities and inquiry learning should be developed. Second, a need emerges for the hierarchization of knowledge and cognitive levels by grade level. The proportions of low levels of knowledge and cognitive process dimensions increased in the upper grades, such that a systematic hierarchy should be considered. Third, the need to diversify the use of the descriptors of achievement standards is also identified. Although the tendency to rely on specific descriptors decreased during the previous curriculum, approx imately half of the descriptors were only used once or twice. Therefore, balancing the use of various descriptors is necessary. To ensure that the results are reflected in the achievement standards for elementary school science textbooks under the revised science curriculum for elementary schools in 2022, a discussion is required on the design of achievement standards statements. As a follow-up study, the researcher proposes a comparative analysis of the achievement standards of science curricula for middle and high schools to explore the wording of achievement standards appropriate for elementary school science education considering its nature, goals, and contents and to analyze the hierarchy and continuity of the entire science curriculum.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.206-225
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• 2012

The development of the Surrey Research Park by the University of Surrey is an addition to a number of existing strategies to collaborate with industry that it has developed over its 120 year history. The potential to undertake this development was based on owning a substantial land holding that the University acquired when the Borough Council for the town of Guildford invited the University to relocate from Battersea in London to its new location in 1966. Initial plans for the Park in 1979 were accelerated in 1981 in response to plans by the then government to reduce funding for Higher Education in the UK. Beyond a broad master plan for the site that was based on topography and access to the site the plans that were developed were based on a survey of 100 companies that were deemed to be in the target market for the site and a review of the other 7 science parks that were being developed in the UK in 1981. The findings from this proved to be important in developing the master plan for the site. Another important influence on the project was the objectives that were defined for the 3 stakeholders in the project of the University, the tenant companies and the planning authority relate to economic development, a competitive advantage of tenant companies, knowledge transfer, the profile for the University and the capacity to generate income proved to be a valuable framework on which to develop a master plan. These details were underpinned by five objectives which served the three stakeholders in the site. Those for the University included commercial potential, knowledge transfer and image and reputation; those for the town primarily related to economic development and the plan was to help tenants gain a competitive advantage by locating on the site. In addition a number of success indicators were defined for the project against which to measure performance and have remained as a useful set of parameters on which to base the assessment of the performance of the site. In combination with these indicators a further analysis deals with the success factors that are considered as important in influencing performance. The paper sets details the history of the park and covers the success indicators and factors and reviews these in the context of the original objectives for the site.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.68-71
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• 2004

Hsinchu Science Park, one of the most productive electronic sites in the world, is located at Hsinchu County. Hsinchu County Government is entitled for daily management to pursue the objectives of making every county citizen prosperous. Several web-based management information systems have been developed for county management and were widely implemented. However, forest management is one of several tasks which need development of web-based geographic information systems. The objectives of this paper are to develop GIS for forest management at Hsinchu County in order to solve problems encountered in the rapid changing circumstance. The objectives of forest management at Hsinchu County have been changed a little bit in the last decade. Now, it mainly focuses on public and private forest, tree planting, wind break forest management, and plane forest planting. The major ingredients of GIS for forest management are user-friendly, task-oriented, and direct linking to the existing GIS at Hsinchu County. AreIMS and ArcGIS were used for web-based GIS. Field operations of forest management depend on PDA and GPS such that ArcPAD is implemented both on personal computers and PDA. Computer programming is required for database management and development of application modules in forest management. Color digital orthophoto maps at scale of 1:5000 provide very useful background information. Forest management at Hsinchu County now is operated in an efficient way that GIS, remote sensing, GPS and PDA are working smoothly.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to develop performance measurement indicators in S Hospital, which is the largest component of Y Medical Center which implemented the Responsible Management System in 1993. To begin, strategic initiatives for S Hospital were reestablished based on Y Medical Center's goals and objectives. The BSC(Balanced Scorecard) was used to develop performance measurement indicators after validity checks by specialists. The results were that total 16 indicators were developed to measure performance for strategic initiatives. Those included the growth rate of patient revenues, operating profit to gross revenues, reduction rate in administrative expenses from a financial perspective; average medical expenses per adjusted patient, patient satisfaction survey for inpatients and outpatients and emergency room patients, return rate for treatment results from the customer's perspective; reduction rate in average length of hospital stay, expenses for lost cases of medical disputes, rate for contracted employees, the number of published reports per faculty member from an internal perspective; educational expenses for training medical staff and full time employees, adjusted patient per medical staff, and the number of cases implemented which were proposed by employees. Any organization needs to have its own explicit objectives to grow and develop and it is absolutely necessary to measure performance to accomplish them. The performance measurement indicators developed by this study are expected to be used as a tool to attain the objectives of S Hospital.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.121-148
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• 2003

This study is designed to evaluate the contents of the separation of prescribing and dispensing roles(SPD) policy based on the theoretical backgrounds. The results are as follows; Considering the purpose of SPD policy, 'increasing the efficiency in manpower management by separating the role of medical doctor and pharmacist and improving the quality of SPD service through specialization of function' as a policy objective is valid and very important agenda in health care. But the objectives are not working well by no keeping the detail means to actualize it. Also, some policy objectives are unclear or inappropriate and it makes the focus of that policy obscure or misleads inadequate policy alternatives. In terms of means of policy, it is evaluated to have some limits in effectiveness, efficiency, equity, rationality, technical feasibility, economic feasibility, administrative feasibility, social and time feasibility. In conclusion, it's necessary to investigate the some problem mentioned in this paper with empirical evidence. Also, it should be needed to improve the validity of policy by correcting policy objectives and means in execution of policy.

• Journal of recreation and landscape
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.59-66
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• 2018

The purpose of the present study was to compare the long-term management objectives, policy objectives, implementation plans, and detailed plans of four provincial parks established in 2013 using various analysis frameworks. Through this, the study aimed to identify the characteristics of the management plan and extract the implementation plan important to each park by analyzing the priorities in the detailed plan. The long-term management objectives of most parks were to maintain recreational functions by utilizing all the resources of the park, rather than merely preserving the ecosystem. From an ecological perspective, information on major plants and legal protection species are included for most parks, and geological and topographic features considered a major resource. For sustainable forests, it is important to induce the dispersion of concentrated use space. Efficient management systems are distinctively differentiated among the parks. For regional revitalization, the management of programs to link provincial parks and their surrounding areas has become most important. From an ecological perspective, priorities differed for the parks according to their ecological characteristics. For sustainable forests, Moaksan Provincial Park prioritized the visitor reservation system related to the overall park, while the other three parks prioritized alleviating the concentrated use of specific areas. From an efficient management perspective, Daedunsan Provincial Park prioritized aspects related to the cableway. Maisan Provincial Park prioritized inducing the linkage between the use of natural and cultural resources, and Seonunsan Provincial Park prioritized establishing an ecological and cultural commentary operating system. For the base-type leisure activity space, Moaksan Provincial Park prioritized the systematic management and operation of the pilgrimage route, Maisan Provincial Park the connection between the Maisan geography and residents' income, and Seonunsan Provincial Park providing a space for ecological education.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 1989

Secondary schools in Korea have been faced with with several critical problems with regard to science education, with one of the most fundament problems being associated with secondary school science teacher education and in-service training. Therefore this study, which is a part of project for the improvement of science teaching in secondary schools, had its purposes to inquire into the following are as. ${\circ}$systems for science teacher education ${\circ}$curricular contents and its operations of science teacher education ${\circ}$systems for in-service teacher training and its operations ${\circ}$analyses of problems associated with science teacher education and in-service teacher training. In order to fulfill these objectives this study used methods of literature review, survey, and interviews. The major findings are as follow: ${\circ}$curricular hours of subject matter education are not sufficient for competent science teacher. opportunities for self-training in major are as are seldom given to the most of the science teachers ${\circ}$systematic organization for in-service traings is in urgert need. In addition to there-findings strategies for improving science teacher education and in-service trainings are suggested in this paper.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.75-89
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• 1989

Secondary schools in Korea have been faced with several critical problems with regard to science education. Among them one of the most fundamental problems is associated with laboratory-based science education. There fore as a part of research project for the improvement of science education in secondary schools, this study had its abjectives to inquire into the following areas related to laboratory experiment. ${\circ}$Survey and analysis of theoretical backgrounds for science teaching focused on laboratory experiments. ${\circ}$Status survey of experiment-based science teaching in high schools. ${\circ}$Development of model for improving experiment-based science teaching. In order to fulfill these objectives this study used methods of eiterature review, survey, and interviews. The major finding are as follows : ${\circ}$Some topic for laboratory experiments as oppeared in the textbooks are not appropriate in the light of sience curricular operations in high schools. ${\circ}$In some schools equipments and facilities of school laboratories are for from sufficiency. ${\circ}$Laboratory experiments are not financially supportel for ideal science teach in both middle schools and high schools. These are not on exhaustive list of findings from this study More finding and teaching model for improvement of science education are also described in this paper.