• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.187-195
• /
• 2017

Early diagnosis for upper facial trauma is difficult by using the standard Water's view (S-Water's) in general radiograph due to overlapping of anatomical structures, the uncertainty of patient positioning, and specific patients with obese, pediatric, old, or high-risk. The purpose of this study was to analyze appropriate exposure angles through a comparison of two different protocols (S-Water's vs. reverse Water's view (R-Water's)) by using a head phantom. A head phantom and general radiograph with 75 kVp, 400 mA, 45 ms 18 mAs, and SID 100 cm. Images of R-Water's were obtained by different angles in the range of $0^{\circ}$ to $50^{\circ}$, which adjusted an angle at 1 degree interval in supine position. Survey elements were developed and three observers were evaluated with four elements including the maxillary sinus, zygomatic arch, petrous ridge, and image distortion. Statistical significant analysis were used the Krippendorff's alpha and Fleiss' kappa. The intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficient for three observers were high with maxillary, 0.957 (0.903, 0.995); zygomatic arch, 0.939 (0.866, 0.987); petrous ridge, 0.972 (0.897, 1.000); and image distortion, 0.949 (0.830, 1.000). The high-quality image (HI) and perfect agreement (PA) for acquired exposure angles were high in range of the maxillary sinus ($36^{\circ}-44^{\circ}C$), zygomatic arch ($33^{\circ}-40^{\circ}$), petrous ridge ($32^{\circ}-50^{\circ}$), and image distortion ($44^{\circ}-50^{\circ}$). Consequently, an appropriate exposure angles for the R-Water's view in the supine position for patients with facial trauma are in the from $36^{\circ}$ to $40^{\circ}$ in this phantom study. The results of this study will be helpful for the rapid diagnosis of facial fractures by simple radiography.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.148-155
• /
• 2013

Sulfoxaflor is a new active ingredient within the sulfoximine insecticide class that acts via a unique interaction with the nicotinic receptor. The MRLs (maximun residue limit) of sulfoxaflor in apple and pear are set at 0.4 mg/kg and that in pepper is set at 0.5 mg/kg. The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of sulfoxaflor residues in agricultural commodities using HPLC-UVD and LC-MS. The analysis of sulfoxaflor was performed by reverse phase-HPLC using an UV detector. Acetone and methanol were used for the extraction and aminopropyl ($NH_2$) cartridge was used for the clean-up in the samples. Recovery experiments were conducted on 7 representative agricultural products to validate the analytical method. The recoveries of the proposed method ranged from 82.8% to 108.2% and relative standard deviations were less than 10%. Finally, LC-MS with selected ion monitoring was also applied to confirm the suspected residues of sulfoxaflor in agricultural commodities.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.985-990
• /
• 2004

Levans produced from Microbacterium laevaniformans were isolated, characterized, and fractionated by molecular weight. TLC, HPLC, and GC-MS analyses of the exopolysaccharide showed that it was a fructan-type polymer and was composed of (2,6)- and (2,1)-glycosidic linkages. $^{13}C$-NMR analysis proved that the polysaccharide was mainly a $\beta$-(2,6)-linked levan-type polysaccharide. To investigate the cytotoxicity of the acetone-precipitated levan fractions such as M1, M2, and M3, HepG2, P388D1, U937, SNU-1, and SNUC2A cell lines were screened. Among the cell lines tested, the cytotoxicity of M1- M3 fractions were detected from only SNU-1 and HepG2 cells at the dosage level of $100-800\mu\textrm{g}ml$. The M2 fraction M_r$, 80,000) at 400 $mu{g/ml}$ had the greatest cell growth inhibition (84.6%) on SNU-1, while the M1 $(M_r$, 50,000) at $800\mu\textrm{g}ml$ showed the greatest (46.32%) on HepG2. To obtain more uniform M_r$ fractions of levan, the levan was further fractionated from S1 $(M_r$ 1,000,000) to S5 $(M_r$ 10,000) using gel permeation chromatography. Again, the S1-S5 fractions had strong cytotoxicity on SNU-1 and HepG2 cell lines. The greatest inhibition effects of S4 $(M_r$ 80,000) on SNU-1 and S5 $(M_r$ 10,000) on HepG2 were shown to be 49.5% and 73.0%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the levan fractions was more effective on SNU-1 than on HepG2. Although the relationship between the Mw and the cytotoxicity was not clear, smaller $M_r$, fractions of levan showed greater growth inhibition effect on the cancer cell lines in general. Therefore, it was indicated that a specific Mw class of levan is responsible for the effective cytotoxicity.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• v.9
• /
• pp.71-86
• /
• 1991

This study has tried to illuminate a shocking phenomenon, the import liberalization of agricultural products in the aspect of Consumer consciousness. It has been applied that Table Analysis by using computer programming for instance-MINITAB, and Correlation Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis, things like that. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Comparing domestic and imported stuffs, Comsumers came to awareness that domestic products superior to foreign's in the cases of the degree of freshness, taste and pollution damage, in the meanwhile, inferior to the cases of price and wrapping. Food self-supplyment is considered as one of the most important things of all, moreover, by most comsumers and health food and conventional food are favored by high class people. 2. Bying imported stuffs could clearly be fatal blow to our agriculture is fully recognized among consumers, what is more, there would only be doomed to our agriculture, too. 3. The most mass-purchasing imported stuffs by consumers illustrates in order; Beef, Banana, Coffee and Tabacco etc. The most significant elements why consumers buy foreign product is that the prices of them are relatively lower than those of ours. Besides, the next causes lies to non-producing stuffs and curiosity. 4. It must've been generally conceived by most consumers that Open-the-market-policy has been progressed for USA's repression and our monopolistic capital. Therefore, they demand that our market should be contained against unadviciable wave, moreover, keep paying attention to the policy how it will work to protect Korean agriculture. 5. Consumer attitude toward buying imported agricultural products is double-faced, Never-buy occupied only 24.4 % among respondents, but overwhelming respondents say non-producing stuffs can be obtained selectively. In this case, however, never-buy-movement would be backed by consumers in proportion to their educational background. 6. Various consumer minds surrounding Open-the-market-situation, in the end, has been analized econometrics through eleven variables to approach accurate fulfillments.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.1283-1293
• /
• 2014

In ubiquitous environment, data are changing rapidly and new data is coming as times passes. And sometimes all of the past data will be lost if there is not sufficient space in memory. Therefore, there is a need to make rules and combine it with new data not to lose all the past data or to deal with large amounts of data. In making decision trees and extracting rules, the weight of each of rules is generally determined by the total number of the class at leaf. The computational problem of finding a minimum finite state acceptor compatible with given data is NP-hard. We assume that rules extracted are not correct and may have the loss of some information. Because of this precondition. this paper presents a new approach for refining rules. It controls their weight of rules of previous knowledge or data. In solving rule refinement, this paper tries to make a variety of rules with pruning method with majority and minority properties, control weight of each of rules and observe the change of performances. In this paper, the decision tree classifier with extended data expression having static weight is used for this proposed study. Experiments show that performances conducted with a new policy of refining rules may get better.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.335-349
• /
• 2004

Recently, there is change the environment of education due to development of Science Technology Specially, As education information on web increased by internet, using education web data by mean of medium that aids learning by computer. Also It studied method that used the Computer as learning medium through the CAI(Computer Assisted Instruction), ICAI(Intelligent CAI), and ITS(Intelligent Tutoring System). But legacy system are not support efficient method that learns to vary learner suitable learning method by individual level. Specially It is not suitable the education course to direct current course of education, and not consider different of student capability, aptitude, need, interesting, not maximized the individual growable power and effect of education. To solve the this problem, our paper suggest the web-based self-directed MITS(Multimedia ITS) that supply the needed the information on web, make the environment that can self-directed learning. To maximized effect of individual learning, our paper structured coursed, characterized, related learning contents in region of numeral at mathematics of primary school. And then integrated contents and class, design and implement the web-based MITS that consist of 4 module to escape from limitation of learner grade, learning time, learning place.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.542-551
• /
• 2005

This study is to investigate the characteristics of emission concentration according to wallpaper sort and emission time using small chamber method. The target compounds included 45 VOCs and formaldehyde, which were respectively determined by adsorption sampling and thermal desorption coupled with GC/MS method, and by sampling in DNPH cartridge and HPLC method. The emission factor of TVOC and HCHO was detected to $1.1mg/m^2{\cdot}h$ and $0.01mg/m^2{\cdot}h$ respectively, and the wallpapers of 25 satisfied emission standard. TVOC emission factor appeared in order of the concentration of PVC, natural, and Non-PVC wallpaper, while HCHO was detected very low concentration without relation to wallpaper sort. The paraffin hydrocarbons appeared to be the most contributable class of hydrocarbons in terms of their concentrations, followed by aromatics, and olefins, halogenated hydrocarbons was not detected. PVC wallpapers plentifully emitted TVOC above other wallpapers, and toluene was showed higher concentration of 10 times than natural wallpaper. In addition to, emission factor according to elapse was gradually decreased.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
• /
• v.7 no.7
• /
• pp.69-78
• /
• 2017

This study researches and analyses the state of the learning achievement assessment of the basic curriculum of the special education in the viewpoint of the individualized education pursuing for the learning and growing of each person, and discusses the political plan for support on the basis of the results. The object of study was 129 special school teachers working in B metropolitan city applying for the basic curriculum. For the measurement, the tool developed by the examination of FGI and the specialist on the basis of test research related to the evaluation tools of the learning achievement assessment for the special education was used. As the result of analysing the real state, to evaluate the individual learning and growing in the aspect of the plan, criteria, period of the evaluation, the special education teachers were approaching in detailed and precise quality, and guiding and using the evaluation results in the various ways in the prospective of the curriculum. The recognition on the sub-element in the each area of the measurement tools showed the difference by gender, age, career, academic achievement, school class, foundation type. On the basis of the results of the real state, as the political support plan, some advice were proposed, which were the expansion of the autonomy of making the curriculum achievement standard and the evaluation system, improving the field and system of the learning achievement assessment, establishing the support system to strengthen the evaluation competences in accord with the teachers' background variables, etc.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2014

Purpose. For a more efficient hospital management, this study aims to provide basic data so that the hospital management and staff in charge of hospital administration may systematically classify and collect hospital information, by analyzing the ordinary characters of an upper-level general hospital system and its common-type balance sheet, common-type profit and loss statement and financial ratio. Methods. By using information about an upper-level general hospital in C Province, provided by Alio(www.alio.go.kr), a public organization information provision site, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service(www.hira.or.kr) and Ministry of Health and Welfare(www.mw.go.kr), this study analyzed 3 year's data from 2010 to 2012 and provided basic data by analyzing the ordinary characters of an upper-level general hospital system, and its common-type balance sheet, common-type profit and loss statement and financial ratio. Results. After analyzing the ordinary characters, common-type balance sheet, common-type proft and loss statement and financial ration of this general hospital, based on the 2010 to 2012 data, this study came to the following conclusions. Firstly, out of all the 1,069 hospital staff, there were 272 doctors working for 24 medical departments, out of whom the majority was 33 physicians. Most of the nurses were third-class ones, and about 2,000 outpatients and 600 inpatients on average were treated per day. Secondly, as a result of analyzing the common-type balance sheet, this study discovered that intangible assets out of fixed assets accounted for 41%, the majority, out of which usable and profitable donation asset buildings were of great importance, and the liquid assets increased more in 2012 than 2011. In the financial structure, the ratio of liquid liabilities was over 50% out of all the liabilities in 2012, and the ratio of purchase payables was high as well. The ratio of fixed liabilities reached up to 40%, out of which the retirement benefit appropriation fund was quite high. The capital was over 80%, but the surplus was in a deficit state. Compared to the capital, the ratio of total liabilities was about 90%, which indicates the financial structure of this general hospital was vulnerable. Thirdly, as a result of analyzing the common-type profit and loss statement, this study found out that the medical profits from inpatients were higher than profits from outpatients. The material cost was related to the medical quality of this general hospital, and it was as high as 30% out of the total costs and was about 45% of the labor cost. This general hospital showed 10% in the ratio of non-medical profits, and it seemed because of government subsidies. The ratios of medical profits and current net income were gradually changing for the better in 2012, compared to 2011. Lastly, as a result of analyzing the financial ratio, it was found that the liquidity ratio kept decreasing, from 110.7% in 2010 and 102.0% in 2011 to 77.2% in 2012. Besides, it was analyzed that the liquidity ratio and the net working capital ratio greatly decreased, while the quick ratio and the liquid ratio kept decreasing. Conclusions. 1. It is necessary to take the risk management into more consideration, and particularly, it is needed to differentiate and manage the levels of risk in detail. 2. By considering the fact that investments into hospital infrastructures were mostly based on liabilities, it is needed to deal with the scale of losses when evaluating risks. 3. By reflecting the character that investments into hospital infrastructures were based on liabilities, it is necessary to consider the ratio of ordinary profits as well as the ratio of operating profits to sales, and it is also important to consider sales productivity factors, such as the sales amount per a sickbed, by comparing them with other hospitals. As for limitations of this study, there may be some problems in terms of data interpretation because of the lack of information about the number of inpatients and the number of outpatients per year, which are needed for the break-even point analysis. Besides, to suggest a direction for the improvement of hospital management through analyses, non-financial factors should be reflected, such as the trend of economy, medical policies, and politic backgrounds. However, this study only focused on the common-type balance sheet, common-type profit and loss statement and financial ratio, so this study is actually limited to generalizing all the factors by analyzing public data only.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 2015

Forests contain a huge amount of carbon (C) and climate change could affect forest C dynamics. This study was conducted to predict the C dynamics of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis forests, which are the most dominant needleleaf and broadleaf forests in Korea, using the Korean Forest Soil Carbon (KFSC) model under the two climate change scenarios (2012-2100; Constant Temperature (CT) scenario and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario). To construct simulation unit, the forest land areas for those two species in the 5th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data were sorted by administrative district and stand age class. The C pools were initialized at 2012, and any disturbance was not considered during the simulation period. Although the forest C stocks of two species generally increased over time, the forest C stocks under the RCP 8.5 scenario were less than those stocks under the CT scenario. The C stocks of P. densiflora forests increased from 260.4 Tg C in 2012 to 395.3 (CT scenario) or 384.1 Tg C (RCP 8.5 scenario) in 2100. For Q. variabilis forests, the C stocks increased from 124.4 Tg C in 2012 to 219.5 (CT scenario) or 204.7 (RCP 8.5 scenario) Tg C in 2100. Compared to 5th NFI data, the initial value of C stocks in dead organic matter C pools seemed valid. Accordingly, the annual C sequestration rates of the two species over the simulation period under the RCP 8.5 scenario (65.8 and $164.2g\;C\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis) were lower than those values under the CT scenario (71.1 and $193.5g\;C\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis). We concluded that the C sequestration potential of P. densiflora and Q. variabilis forests could be decreased by climate change. Although there were uncertainties from parameters and model structure, this study could contribute to elucidating the C dynamics of South Korean forests in future.