• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.921-927
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to improve the breeding efficiency and consumption of red onion by analysis of chemical components. The red cultivar S&P5294 ($52.9mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ F.W.) resulted in the highest sugar content, and sweetness whereas 'Redprime' had the lowest. For the pyruvic acid content the cultivar 'Redsun' showed the highest value, followed by 'Sunpower' (yellow onion) and S&P7270. Breeding lines had higher sugar content and sweetness than 'Redprime' and 'Sunpower', while they had less pyruvic acid value than 'Redsun' and 'Sunpower'. The the same trend was verified for the total phenol and total flavonoid, of which breeding lines were found to have more content than 'Redprime' or 'Sunpower'. Three major flavonoids, rutin (quercetin glycoside), myricetin, and quercetin, were identified and quantified whereas kaempferol was not detected in all cultivars. Rutin was the major flavonoid present in all cultivars (136.9 to $169.9{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ F.W.), followed by quercetin (62.5 to $135.7{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ F.W.). Relatively smaller amount of myricetin (11.2 to $16.1{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ F.W.) was also detected. Among nine cultivars, 'Redsun' exhibited significantly ($p$ < 0.05) higher content of quercetin and rutin (135.7 and $169.9{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ F.W., respectively), and S&P5296 had the highest content of myricetin($16.1{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$ F.W.). Breeding lines had more quercetin, rutin and myricetin contents than the cultivars 'Redprime' and 'Sunpower'. Hampyeong had the highest content for total phenol and total flavonoid, followed by Andong and Changyeong whereas Changyeong had the highest value for rutin, myricetin and quercetin followed by Hampyeong and Andong. Among red onion cultivars, 'Redsun' showed the highest value for anthocyanin, followed by S&P5295 and S&P5296, which the cultivar 'Redprime' had significantly (p<0.05) lower content(35.5 mg%).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.400-407
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• 2014

Urban farming supplies emotional stability and fresh vegetables to participating persons, however, no information regarding the biosafety of agricultural products from urban farming is available. Here, we collected 260 samples of Chinese cabbages and lettuce from 4 urban community gardens and 6 roof gardens in Seoul from September through October 2012, and monitored the microbiological and parasitological contamination quantitatively and/or qualitatively. The mean counts of total aerobic bacteria and coliforms were $6.1{\pm}0.8\;log\;CFU{\cdot}g^{-1}$ ( range, $5.4{\pm}0.6{\sim}7.1{\pm}0.8\;log\;CFU{\cdot}g^{-1}$) and $4.0{\pm}0.7\;log\;CFU{\cdot}g^{-1}$ (range, $2.3{\pm}0.6{\sim}6.1{\pm}0.9\;log\;CFU{\cdot}g^{-1}$), respectively. Coliforms were detected on 59.6% among 260 vegetable samples. There were no significant differences in the contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria and coliforms between the Chinese cabbages and lettuce, whereas both levels of vegetables from urban community gardens were higher than those of roof gardens (p > 0.05). Escherichia coli was isolated at 3.1% among whole vegetables, and contamination level was $1.5{\pm}0.2\;log\;CFU{\cdot}g^{-1}$. Among foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 1.5%, however, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected on any of the vegetable samples. We also found undefined parasite eggs from two samples of Chinese cabbages (0.8% of total vegetables we tested). From these study, we found the presence of microbial contamination of agricultural products from urban farming, thus we need further concern to improve the biosafety during production of agricultural products.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.353-358
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• 2014

Hot water dipping test was conducted for chicon to restrict red discoloration of its basal part which impairs the product value during sales. Hot water dipping treatment was given to chicon for 4 min and for 8 min at $38^{\circ}C$ and for 2 min and 4 min at $42^{\circ}C$, and for 1 min and 2 min at $45^{\circ}C$, along with control (for one min at $20^{\circ}C$). The red discoloration indices of basal part of chicon during sensory evaluation on the sixth day of storage under the storage temperature at $10^{\circ}C$ was lower at $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min, $42^{\circ}C$ for 4 min and $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min treatments. The color change value of the basal part in chicon measured by colorimeter showed that the lowest ${\Delta}a^*$ and ${\Delta}h$ were maintained in the basal part of chicon treated at $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min. Whereas, color changes in $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min and $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min treatments were significantly low as compared with that of control. The contents of total phenolic compounds which are the substances that cause red discoloration of basal part in chicon were lowest at $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min, $42^{\circ}C$ for 4 min and $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min treatments. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) resposible for in the synthesis of phenolic substances was the least in $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min treatment. Whereas, PAL activity of the chicons treated a t $42^{\circ}C$ for 2 min and at $45^{\circ}C$ for 1 min were significantly lower than that of control. However, red discoloration was progressed as similar level with that of control in the basal part of chicon at $45^{\circ}C$ for 2 min. The contents of total phenolic compounds and PAL activity in this treatment were not significantly different from those in control. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity which causes red discoloration of cut tissues was low in all the treatments including $42^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ treatment at which no inhibition effects of the red discoloration of basal part of chicon were observed. When the correlation coefficient between each investigated index was tested, most of them showed high correlation except the PPO activity and particularly and the red discoloration index and sensory evaluation ${\Delta}h$ values, and PAL activity and total phenolic compounds content were $r=0.927^{**}$, and $r=0.942^{**}$, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2011

Animal manure is produced annually 43.7 million tonnes in Korea. Among them, about 85.6 % are used as compost or liquid fertilizer to the agricultural land. The animal manure can be effectively utilized by mixing with organic byproducts that result in generation of biogas from anaerobic co-digestion process. This study aimed to optimize the content of total solid materials (TS) and determine the effect of organic byproduct on the co-digestion process. Prior to the byproduct treatments, determination of proper content of TS was conducted by controlling at 5 or 10 %. For the byproduct treatments, swine manure without adding the byproduct was used for control treatment, and swine manure mixed with either corn silage or kitchen waste was used for other treatments. Volume of biomethane ($CH_4$) generated from digested materials was quantified before and after byproduct treatments. In result, a 1.4-fold higher biomethane, about 0.556 L/$L{\cdot}d$, was produced when the content of TS was controlled at 10 %, compared at 5 %, about 0.389 L/$L{\cdot}d$. When the swine manure was mixed with the corn silage or kitchen waste, a two-fold higher biomethane was produced, about 1.theand 1.0heL/$L{\cdot}d$, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Biogas production from organic dry matter (odm) was a3, 362eand 2h6 L/kg odm${\cdot}$d for control, corn silage, and kitchen waste treatment, respectively. The lower biogas production in the treatment of kitchen waste than that of corn silage is associated with its relatively high odm contents. The methane concentration during the whole process ranged from 40 at the beginning to 70 % at the end of process for both the control and kitchen waste treatments, and ranged from 52 to 70 % for the corn silage treatment. Hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) concentration ranged between 350 and 500 ppm. All the integrated results indicate that addition of organic byproduct into animal manure can double the generation of biogas from anaerobic fermentation process.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2009

This study, tasting 14 months, was conducted to investigate the effects of different pen size and group size on growing-fattening characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Forty-eight, 12-month-old Hanwoo steers($305.8{\pm}32.2\;kg$) were randomly assigned to three groups($35.28\;m^2$; n=4 heads, $70.56\;m^2$; n=8 heads, $105.84\;m^2$; n=12 heads) and reared in separate pens with a constant space allowance of $8.82m^2$ per head from 12 to 21 month of age and then regrouped to 4 heads per pen. A common diet including concentrate(limited) and forage(ad lib) was provided to all the animals. Images of live animal ultrasonic back fat thickness, longissimus muscle area and Marbling score were evaluated in three months interval from 12 months of age using an ultrasound equipment(HS-2000) at the 13th rib and lumber vertebra interface of left side. Significant differences of ADG was found mainly at $15{\sim}18$ month and $18{\sim}21$ month fattening stages(p<0.05). Marbling score(MS) was higher(p<0.05) in 12 heads group when compared with that of 4 and 8 heads groups after 18 months. Animals in 12 heads group had the lowest Average daily gain(ADG) but showed the highest longissimus muscle area(LMA) and marbling score(MS). In addition, Hanwoo steers in 12 heads group obtained a higher quality appearance(HQA) of 82.7% than that of other treatments. The results indicated that Hanwoo steers housed on large group size and pen size decreased their ADG but improved meat quality.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.414-421
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• 2004

3D QSAR studies for protox inhibition activities against root and shoot of the rice plant (Orysa sativa L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) by a series of new 1-(5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazolin-5-yl)methoxy-2-chloro-4-fluorobenzene derivatives were conducted based on the results (Sung, N. D. et al.'s, (2004) J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 47(3), 351-356) using comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) methodology. Four CoMSIA models, without hydrogen bond donor field for the protox inhibition activities against root and shoot of the two plants, were derived from the combination of several fields using steric field, hydrophobic field, hydrogen bond acceptor field, LUMO molecular orbital field, dipole moment (DM) and molar refractivity (MR) as additional descriptors. The predictabilities and fitness of CoMSIA models for protox inhibition activities against barnyard-grass were higher than that of rice plant. The statistical results of these models showed the best predictability of the protox inhibition activities against barnyard-grass based on the cross-validated value $r^2\;_{cv}\;(q^2=0.635{\sim}0.924)$, non cross-validated, conventional coefficient $r^2\;_{ncv.}$ value $(r^2=0.928{\sim}0.977)$ and PRESS value $(0.255{\sim}0.273)$. The protox inhibition activities exhibited a strong correlation with the steric $(5.4{\sim}15.7%)$ and hydrophobic $(68.0{\sim}84.3%)$ factors of the molecules. Particularly, the CoMSIA models indicated that the groups of increasing steric bulk at ortho-position on the C-phenyl ring will enhance the protox inhibition activities against barnyard-grass and subsequently increase the selectivity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.301-307
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• 2013

This study was evaluated high end research grade Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometer (NIRS) to field grade multiple Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometer (NIRS) for rapid analysis at fresh rice leaf at sight with 238 samples of fresh rice leaf during year 2012, collected Jeollabuk-do for evaluate accuracy and precision between instruments. Firstly collected and build database high end research grade NIRS using with 400 nm ~ 2500 nm during from year 2003 to year 2009, seven years collected fresh rice leaf database then trim and fit to field grade NIRS with 1200 nm ~ 2400 nm then build and create calibration, transfer calibration with special transfer algorithm. The result between instruments was 0.005% differences, rapidly analysis for chemical constituents, Total nitrogen in fresh rice leaf within 5 minutes at sight and the result equivalent with laboratory data. Nevertheless last during more than 8 years collected samples for build calibration was organic samples that make differentiate by local or yearly bases etc. This strongly suggest population evaluation technique needed and constantly update calibration and maintenance calibration to proper handling database accumulation and spread out by knowledgable control laboratory analysis and reflect calibration update such as powerful control center needed for long lasting usage of fresh rice leaf analysis with NIRS at sight. Especially the agriculture products such as rice will continuously changes that made easily find out the changes and update routinely, if not near future NIRS was worthless due to those changes. Many research related NIRS was shortly study not long term study that made not well using NIRS, so the system needed check simple and instantly using with local language supported signal methods global distance (GD) and neighbour distance (ND) algorithm. Finally the multiple popular field grades instruments should be the same results not only between research grade instruments but also between multiple field grade instruments that needed easily transfer calibration and maintenance between instruments via internet networking techniques.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2009

Water shortages are expected to be a major impact of climate change. This study examined the growth of Chinese cabbage seedling using reclaimed wastewater and waste nutrient solution as alternative irrigation resources. Generally, the concentration of nutrients, such as $K^+$, $NH_4^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$,$NO_3^-$, $PO_4^-$ and $SO_4^{2-}$, in waste nutrient solution was higher than that in wastewater. However, Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with wastewater was supplied a higher concentration of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ than waste nutrient solution. The growth of Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with waste nutrient solution was similar or higher than those irrigated with groundwater as control, while the growth of those irrigated with wastewater was similar to those irrigated with groundwater. The total nitrogen uptake in Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with groundwater, waste nutrient solution from organic and inorganic hydroponic cultures, and wastewater was 5.47, 10.02, 5.20, and 4.59 mg/plant, respectively. The nitrogen uptake of Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with waste nutrient solution from organic hydroponic substrates in a 50% lower dose than recommended was 8.34 mg/plant, which is higher than that of the cabbage irrigated with groundwater. Overall, the results suggest that waste nutrient solution and wastewater can be used as alternate water resources, and can allow a reduction in the amount of fertilizer needed to raise Chinese cabbage seedling.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 1999

Effects of garlic juice (GJ), ethanol- (GJAE) and ethyl ether extract of garlic juice (GJEE), onion juice (OJ) and ethanol extract of onion juice (OJAE), garlic juice+Merit Blue (GJ+MB), ethanol extract of garlic juice+Merit Blue (GJAE+MB), onion juice+Merit Blue (OJ+MB), ethanol extract of onion juice+Merit Blue (OJAE+MB), and Merit Blue (MB) on budbreak, flowering, and maturity of plastic house-grown 'Daebong' grapes (Vitis labruscana B.) were studied. MB alone and in combination with other formulae hastened the budbreak, and double application was more effective than single one. Most of the buds sprouted in early forcing, but percent budbreak in late forcing was very poor except for MB application. In early forcing, single application of MB in combination with other formulae was most effective for hastening flowering while the response to double application was not consistent, and even delayed the flowering except for OJAE, MB, and OJ+MB. In late forcing, single application of all dormancy-breaking agents, especially MB in combination with other formulae, hastened the flowering while flowering response to double application was inconsistent, and even delayed the flowering except for OJAE+MB and OJ. Although there were no significant differences in harvest date among treatments and the number of application in early forcing, single and double application of MB alone and in combination with other formulae, especially double application of OJAE+MB hastened the harvest date for 12 days in late forcing culture.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.118-122
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• 1999

Quality changes of fruit vegetables were investigated during simulated export and marketing to find out the optimum shipping temperature. Fruit vegetables were loaded into a small refrigerated-container and kept for four days at various temperatures, and fruit quality was assayed immediately after harvest, 4 days after storage and 4 days after marketing at ambient temperature. In 'Back Seong Ilho' cucumber fruits, fresh weight loss was further reduced at $13^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ than at $15^{\circ}C$ and room temperature. Soluble solid contents remained at relatively lower levels when cucumbers were stored at $13^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$. In 'Chun Ryang' eggplant fruits, fresh weight loss was greatly increased at all the temperatures (room, $12^{\circ}C,\;9^{\circ}C,\;and\;6^{\circ}C$). However, flesh browning, a primary quality factor of eggplant fruit, was most effectively inhibited at $9^{\circ}C$, whereas chilling injury occurred in fruit flesh at $6^{\circ}C$. Water loss of 'Eals Seinu' melon fruits was most inhibited and soluble solid contents at harvest were maintained for the longest period at $4^{\circ}C$. In 'Pe Pe' cherry tomatoes, storage at $10^{\circ}C$ and $7^{\circ}C$ seemed to more effectively inhibit metabolic changes and the incidence of cracking, the severest disorder than room temperature. But the fruits stored at $10^{\circ}C$ contained higher level of soluble solids than those at $7^{\circ}C$. The overall results suggest that the optimum shipping temperature range is 11 to $13^{\circ}C$ for cucumbers, around $9^{\circ}C$ for eggplant fruit, $4^{\circ}C$ for melons, and $10^{\circ}C$ for cherry tomatoes.