• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.294-298
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• 2009

Purpose: The pharyngeal flap is one of the popular surgical method to treat the problem of velopharyngeal dysfunction. This study evaluated speech outcomes of patients who underwent superiorly based pharyngeal flap surgery based on timing of surgery. Methods: A restrospective review of 50 patients who underwent pharyngeal flap surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency between September 1996 and January 2008 was undertaken. Thirty patients with an available preoprative and postoperative speech assessments with at least 6 months of follow-up were included in this study. We checked out the significance of speech improvement after surgery analysing preoperative and postoperative scoring of speech assessment. We also investigated the direct relationship between the age at surgery and the degree of speech improvement, and the improvement score in different age groups. Results: The mean score of preoperative speech was $52.6{\pm}7.4points$ and postoperative speech was $58.6{\pm}6.5points$, which presented significant postoperative speech improvement with an average of 5.9 points(p<0.01). There was a significant inverse relationship between the age at operation and speech improvement degree(p<0.01, r = -0.54). Comparing the age groups, the age group of 4 to 5 years presented statistically significant speech improvement(p<0.01). Conclusion: we propose that all patients indicated should take pharyngeal flap irrespective of age. In this study, the younger the age at surgery, the higher degree of speech improvement, for which we suggest that surgical approach should be undertaken as early as possible, especially younger than age 5 years.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.441-446
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• 2012

Objective : Shunt-dependent chronic hydrocephalus (SDCH) is known to be a major complication associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Old age is known to be one of numerous factors related to the development of SDCH. This study investigated whether postoperative cisternal drainage affects the incidence of SDCH and clinical outcome in elderly patients with aSAH. Methods : Fifty-nine patients participated in this study. All patients underwent aneurysmal clipping with cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage. Clinical variables relevant to the study included age, sex, location of ruptured aneurysm, CT finding and clinical state on admission, clinical outcome, and CSF drainage. We first divided patients into two groups according to age (<70 years of age and ${\geq}70$ years of age) and compared the two groups. Secondly, we analyzed variables to find factors associated with SDCH in both groups (<70 years of age and ${\geq}70$ years of age). Results : Of 59 patients, SDCH was observed in 20 patients (33.9 %), who underwent shunt placement for treatment of hydrocephalus. Forty seven percent of cases of acute hydrocephalus developed SDCH. In the elderly group (${\geq}70$ years of age), the duration and amount of CSF drainage did not affect the development of chronic hydrocephalus. Conclusion : In elderly patients, although the incidence of SDCH was significantly higher, clinical outcome was acceptable. The duration and the amount of cisternal drainage did not seem to be related to subsequent development of chronic hydrocephalus within elderly patients aged 70 or older.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.888-895
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• 2005

Purpose: This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression types in late school-age children and investigate the relation between the identified anger-expression types and their health status. Method: One thousand twenty seven children in elementary school fifth and sixth grades were recruited from November to December, 2004. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, 2-test, ANOV A, Duncan's multiple comparison test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: Three anger-expression types in late school-age children were found; Anger-out/in, Anger-control, and Low anger-expression types. Children frequently using the anger-out/in type among the three types and with a higher state anger reported higher psychosomatic symptoms and depression. Children from a divorced or separated family reported higher state anger. Conclusion: This study suggests that a specific anger management program needs to be developed for late school-age children with high state anger and frequently using the anger out/in expression type. For understanding the anger level and the anger expression types of Korean school-age children, further research needs to be done with large samples using a randomized sampling method.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between tooth wear and age by quantitatively measuring maxillary first molar wear in children. A total of 150 maxillary dental models were analyzed in 30 subjects (male, 11; female, 19) with an age range of 6-14 years. Maxillary first molar wear were assessed based on area, volume and the shortest distance from the buccal occlusal plane to the central pit point (BCPH). The area and volume of the tooth cusps were measured at four different offset-plane heights (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm). Relationship between age and the amount of wear or BCPH were statistically analyzed. Correlation and regression analyses were also performed, and age estimation was obtained with linear regression analysis. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences between age and the amount of wear based on area, volume, and offset-plane height. Except age of 8 and 10, 12 and 14's 0.2-mm offset-plane-measured volume, all area and volume measurement of all ages and offset-plane height showed a significant amount of increase. Wear speeds were calculated using the BCPH. Among age and measurement variables, the correlation coefficient was strongest when the volume was measured from the 0.4-mm offset-plane. As age increases, the amount of wear, as quantified by area and volume measurements, also increases. According to this study, a regression equation that can be used for age estimation is follows: Age $(y)=0.16{\times}0.4V+0.85$ ($R^2=0.490$) using volume.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.46
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• pp.31-48
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to offer fundamental data for classification of somatotype for boys of elementary school age. The subject were 458 elementary school boys aged from 7 to 12 living in Pusan. Data were collected by 56 anthropometric 11 photoraphic measurements and 41 body indices. 56 anthropometric measurements were analyzed by ANOVA and method of Duncan-test as Multiple Range Test among 6 grade groups and then total 108 measurments were analyzed by statistical data processing. The results are as followings: 1, In Duncan-test boys were significantly different in most of height and length items but were not significantly different in main items for clothing construction among 1.2/3.4/5.6 grades so that the period of elementary school age were divided with 3 periods. 2. According to increase school age most of item's means increased gradually and personal difference for each items increased too. In case of height and length items the items of lower half were greater than the items of upper half in personal difference and depth items were greater than the breadth items in personal difference. And weight and angle items were very great personal difference is specially.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.235-246
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• 2013

Age estimations by forensic odontology play a great role in personal identification. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of age estimation cases in Korea. Surveying clients who requested age estimation at the Department of Oral Medicine, Kyungpook National University Dental Hospital from March 2012 to March 2013. The results were as follows: 1. On gender distribution, females(57.14%) were more than males(42.86%). The elderly with 50's and over 60's were majorities(89.28%) of clients, and no clients were below 40's. Most of clients were equal to and lower than elementary school graduate(69.64%). 2. The most frequent reason for age discrepancy between registered age and alleged age was mistakes by family or relatives(80.36%). The purposes of age estimation were welfare(62.50%), social relationship problem(12.50%), to find right age(10.71%), and occupation(8.93%). 3. In order of route to visit at Department of Oral Medicine, they were via government office(48.21%), acquaintances(21.43%), mass media(14.29%), and clinic(10.71%). Clients had high degree of comprehension on age estimation with forensic odontology (scored 7.03 out of 10). The 2/3 of clients were satisfied with present fee for age estimation. 4. The percentage on the proximity of estimated age to alleged age was 69.81%. 4(11.43%) clients were approved on age correction by court.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.308-317
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a MOL instrument for school-age children in grades 4 through 6. Method: The research design was a methodological study. A four-phase design involved. 1) Interview data generated from professors, nurses, and elementary school students (n=8). 2) Content validation by expert panel (n=14) 3) Initial items corrected by elementary school students (n=20) 4) Instrument validation by survey (n=574). Finally, 24 items were chosen as a meaning of life scale for late school-age children. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 24 items was .893 indicated a high internal consistency of the instrument, 2) Through factor analysis, 5 factors were extracted. These factors were labeled as 'relational experience', 'positive attitude', 'satisfaction/ hope', 'pursuit of goal', and experience of family love. These factors explained 52.311% of the total variance. Conclusion: The MOL scale for late school-age children can be used in nursing programs to improve the meaning of life. Studies on difference in meaning of life for late school-age children are needed for reverification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 1992

The objective of the study is to review the research materials for menarche including general characteristics of target population surveyed, mean age of subject, menarche experience rates of the subject and mean age at menarche, and to analyze secular trends of age at menarche in Korea from 1935 to 1992. The results of the study summarized as follows; 1. The range of age in the target pulation for menarcheal research was mainly 10-29 age groups, and most of them were middle, high school girls and college students. 2. There was positive relationship among mean age at menarche, level of menarche experiences rates and mean age of the subject(P<0.01). 3. In the relationship between the mean age at menarche and the level of menarche experience rate of the subject, the subject of study with higher menarche experience were more likely to be higher mean age at menarche than those with lower menarche experience rates. In case of menarcheal experience rates at 75-90 percent among the subject, the values of more and median were more close to the actual mean age at menarche under the assumption that all of the subject had experience menarche. 4. The trends of age at menarche during 1935-92 were linear decrement: Y = 85.93-0.036X in the whole country and Y = 91.35-0.039X in Seoul. The rates of secular diminution in age at menarche calculated to be about 4.3 months per decade in the nation-wide, and 4.6 months in Seoul during the periods. 5. To analyze the secular trends in menarcheal age, the researcher should set up criterians including the range of age in target population, the level of menarcheal experience rate and the regional characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine children's dramatic play and dramatic play themes in the same-age and mixed-age kindergarten classrooms. The subjects were 45 children in three classrooms of 4-year-olds, 69 children in three classrooms of 5-year-olds, and 60 children in three mixed-age classrooms of 4-and 5-year-olds. Observations were conducted by videotape recordings. Observation periods were of five-minutes duration. There were ten observations of children's indoor free-play periods. Four-and five-year-olds in mixed-age classrooms were more likely to engage in group-dramatic play than 4-and 5-year-olds in same-age classrooms. Four-year-olds in mixed-age classrooms were more likely to engage in domestic and family, war/violence, school, animal, and vehicle play themes than 4-year-olds in same-age classrooms. However, 5-year-olds in mixed-age classrooms were more likely to engage in family and school play themes than 5-year-olds in same-age classrooms. 5-year-olds in same-age classrooms were more likely to engage in vehicle and animal play themes than 5-year-olds in mixed-age classrooms. 5-year-olds in same-age classrooms did not differ from 5-year-olds in mixed-age classrooms on the war/violence themes used during dramatic play. In terms of sex differences, boys were more likely to engage in violence, adventure fantage themes than girls. Conversely girls were more likely to engage in family/marriage static play themes than boys.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2021

Purpose: We investigated whether consecutive levels of new emerging renal biomarkers, including serum cystatin C (CysC) and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)/creatinine (Cr) ratio, were affected by postconceptional age in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: Repeatedly measured samples for each infant were divided into four groups according to postnatal age: at birth (stage I), 3 to 7 days postnatally (stage II), 8 to 28 days postnatally (stage III), and >28 days postnatally (stage IV). The association between renal biomarkers and postconceptional age was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the mean values of renal biomarkers in the four stages were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: For samples measured at birth, serum CysC (r=-0.358, P=0.032) and urinary NGAL/Cr ratio (r=-0.522, P=0.001) were negatively correlated with gestational age, whereas serum Cr (r=0.148, P=0.390) was not. In addition, for all samples measured, serum CysC (r=-0.209, P=0.012), urinary NGAL/Cr ratio (r=-0.536, P<0.001), and serum Cr (r=-0.311, P<0.001) were negatively correlated with postconceptional age. Compared with the mean values of the postnatal age-specific stages, serum CysC showed no significant differences in any of the four stages. However, the urinary NGAL/Cr ratio in stage IV was significantly different from those in stages I to III. Conclusion: Although urinary NGAL/Cr ratio and serum CysC were negatively correlated with postconceptional age considering renal development, serum CysC showed no significant differences in any of the four postnatal age-specific stages. Urinary NGAL/Cr ratio at >28 days postnatally seems to be more affected by postconceptional age than serum CysC in VLBW infants.