• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the body shape satisfaction and body shape esteem according to the state of obesity in elementary school students. The data were collected from May 1st to 31th, 1999 using the questionnaire and the physical examination record. The subjects were 669 in 12-year old children. Data were analyzed with frequency, percentages, crosstabs, ANOVA, pearson correlation using the SPSS program. The results were as follows: 1. The prevalence of overweight was 14.0% of total students, 21.4% of mail students and 6.6 % of female students. 2. There were significant differences in the body shape satisfaction according to the state of obesity in total students(($chi^2$ = 110.31, p = .000), in mail students(($chi^2$ = 99.97, p = .000), in female students(($chi^2$ = 62.23, p = .000). The percentages of the body shape satisfaction were highest the underweight group in total and female students but in mail students the normal weight group was highest 3. There were significant differences in the body shape esteem according to the state of obesity in total students(F = 8.634, p = .000), in mail students(F = 11.738, p = .000), in female students(F = 4.502, p = .004). The mean scores of body shape esteem were highest the normal weight group in total students, overweight group in mail students and underweight group in female students. The higher the state of obesity was, the lower body shape esteem. 4. The relationships between body shape satisfaction, body shape esteem and obesity index were significant. Obesity index were significantly and negatively related to body shape satisfaction(r = -.2081, P = .000), to body shape esteem(r = -.2250, p = .000). 5. There were significant differences in the state of obesity according to sex(($chi^2$ = 88.136, p = .000) and the perception of body shape(($chi^2$ = 242.371, p = .000) in total students. There were significant differences in the state of obesity according to the body shape of father(($chi^2$ = 15.11, p = .019), the perception of body shape(($chi^2$ = 138.95, p = .000) in mail students. There were significant differences in the state of obesity according to the education of mother(($chi^2$ = 19.46, p = .022), the perception of body shape(($chi^2$ = 143.35, p = .000) in female students.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.19-31
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• 2021

This study tried to identify the characteristics of college students' entrepreneurial intentions in the entertainment industry, focusing on existing literature studies. Based on this, it was intended to suggest realistic educational alternatives for university student start-ups and implications for start-up management to university start-up officials and those in charge of national start-up support policy. Therefore, the implications of this study are as follows. First, technology(item) for idea creation education, which is an essential element in the entertainment industry, how to connect ideas and products, technology methods that can increase content value, and user characteristics education within the entertainment industry will need to be continued. In addition, along with the idea education, it is necessary to increase the understanding of start-up business management such as financing, human resource management, marketing, and operation management, and furthermore, confidence education should be provided so that the possibility of success in an entertainment start-up and a sense of adventure in a new job can be developed. Second, the space and equipment necessary for start-up (club room, student start-up room, entertainment-related equipment, etc.) should be provided centering on the opinion survey of students who are interested in starting a business, and various regulations of universities and government for student start-up should be relaxed. will have to In addition, education for the formation of entrepreneurial knowledge inside and outside of the school, special lectures and consultations by experts, and on-the-spot education, etc., should be made to create more practical entrepreneurial knowledge. something to do. Third, for students wishing to start a business in the entertainment industry, it is necessary to inform their families about the field situation of the entertainment industry accurately so that their children can develop a positive perception rather than a negative perception when choosing a business field. In addition, by promoting various successful cases of college students to their families after starting a business, families should be encouraged so that their children can develop a challenging spirit about starting a business. Fourth, it should be possible to form continuous clubs or gatherings with friends who wish to start a business in the entertainment industry, and furthermore, an opportunity to listen to the opinions of friends who actually started a business through these meetings should be provided. In addition, the meeting and the formation of friends should create a place for discussion about writing a business plan, how to succeed in starting a business, and management of startups, and psychological stimulation activities should be conducted so that each other's will to start a business arises. Fifth, various knowledge related to start-up (methods for securing funds, management of start-up organizations, grasping information about the market in which they want to start a business, etc.) should be cultivated, and how to write a business plan for the various entertainment industry fields they want to start up. You will also need to train them to be practical. Also, based on this knowledge formation, students themselves should be able to respond to risks and changes that may occur in entrepreneurship. Lastly, it is necessary to increase the understanding of business start-up management, and various psychological stimulation activities are needed to make the confidence and fear of starting a business disappear.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.68-86
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• 1976

The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the correct nutritional status on pre-school children in Korea. Furthermore, it made an attempt to find and define nutrional problems, and assist in establishment on their nutritional improvement plan. For this, food intake and health condition (physical, clinical, biochemical and parasitological) survey on 109 Pre-school children in both sexes, randomly selected from Yang-Gu area in Gang-Won province and Rea-ju area in Kyong-gy Province, were conducted by means of three-day records, during the two periods of Spring and Fall season in 1975. The results obtained are summerized as follows: 1. The food intake; Average food intake of the subjects per day were $508{\sim}647g$ ($83{\sim}91%$ in vegetable foods and $5.5{\sim}11.7%$ in animal foods) in Yang-gu area, and $587{\sim}698g$ ($88{\sim}89%$ in vegetable foods and $6.3{\sim}7.6%$ in animal foods) in Rea-ju area. 2. The intake of energy and nutrients; a) Calory intake. Average energy intake of subjects per day in Yang-gu area$(1120{\sim}1415kcal)$ were all lower than the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in either Spring and Fall survey, whereas the subjects in Rea-ju area were lower intake $(1213{\sim}1418kcal)$ than the RDA in the Spring but higher intake$(1516{\sim}1755kcal)$ than the RDA in the Fall, and the average intake were similar level with that of RDA. b) Protein intake. Average protein intake of the subjects per day in Yang-gu area $(33{\sim}43g)$ girl subjects in Rea-ju area $(35{\sim}39g)$ were lower than the RDA in either Spring and Fall survey, whereas the boy subjects in Rea-ju area$(36{\sim}38g)$ were lower in Spring and higher $(49{\sim}57g)$ in the Fall than that of the RDA, but the average $(43{\sim}47g)$ were similar level with the RDA. The protein intake from animal sources in all subjects were much lower $(5.5{\sim}11.7\;of\;total\;protein)$ than the RDA. c) Fat intake. Average fat intake were very lower in all subjects of both area $(14{\sim}24g\;in\;Yang-gu,\;10{\sim}12g\;in\;Rea-ju)$ than that of RDA which is recommended $12{\sim}14%$ of total energy to be supplied from fat. d) Calcium intake. Average calcium intake were very low in all subjects of both area $(264{\sim}355mg\;in\;Yang-gu\;and\;283{\sim}429mg\;in\;Rea-ju)$, especially, these in Spring were about a half level of the RDA, and it was much increased in the Fall due to increased intake of milk, but it was still not enough than the RDA. e) Vitamin A intake. Average intake of V.A ($703{\sim}1465\;IU$ in Ynag-gu and $750{\sim}1521\;IU$ in Rea-ju) were also lower than the RDA, moreover their V-A sources were mainly vegetable, so that the V-A supply might be critical one for the subjected. f) Riboflavin intake. Average riboflavin intake on all subjects in both area except boys in Rea-ju area in Fall, were very lower than the RDA. 3. The physical status; a) Average weight and height of boys aged 4 and 5 in Yang-gu area and girls of aged 5 in Rea-ju area were lower than those of Korean Standard of 1967 report, but those by age of girls in Yang-gu area and boys in Rea-ju area were a little heigher than the Korean Standard. It is, hower, present Korean standard of physical status might be somehow heigher than the 1967, since the socio-economical situation has been much improved during past a decade. So that, if one considered on this sense, the physical status of the subjects on this survey might be somehow lower than those of present Korean standard. b) Average upper arm circumference in both area were no difference each other, and their mean values of age 4, 5 and 6 in boy and girl were 15.6, 16.5, 16.4 and 15.5, 16.5, 16.4cm respectively. c) Average chest girth of boys were similar to those of Korean standard whereas the girls were smaller than the Korea standard. The average head circumference also showed similar tendency with the chest girth. 4. The clinical findings; The most popular clinical signs were angular stomatitis and dental caries, and boys had more heigher incidence then the girls. 5. The biochemical findings; a) Hemoglobin and anemia Average Hb value of boys and girls were 11.4 and 10.9g per 100 ml of blood respectively. The incidence of anemia (Hb value below 11 g/100 ml, by WHO) was increased by age, and girls had more heigher incidence than the boy (34% : 48%). The incidence of anemia in age of 4,5, and 6 in boys and girls were 28%, 41% 34%, and 33%, 50%, 49% respectively. The degree of the anemia was not severe, and the anemia of there subjects may be caused mainly low intake of better quality protein and low iron intake as well. b) Hematocrit. Average Ht value of whole subject were $39.9{\sim}41.6%$. c) Blood plasma protein. Average blood plasma protein contents of whole subjects were $6.6{\sim}7.4gm$ per 100 ml. The incidence of deficient range (<6.0g%, by ICNND) was only one girl of age 4 in yang Gu area. 6. Parasitological findgs; The most popular parasitism were asicris lumbicoides and trichocephalus trichiura, and about 2/3 of the whole subjects were suffering one or more of these parasitism.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 1998

Purpose: To make objective standards of small intestinal mucosal changes in cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy (CMSE) we analyzed histological changes of endoscopic duodenal mucosa biopsy specimens from normal children and patients of CMSE. Methods: We review the medical records of patients who had been admitted and diagnosed as CMSE by means of gastrofiberscopic duodenal mucosal biopsy following cow's milk challenge and withdrawal. Thirteen babies with CMSE, ranging from 14 days to 56 days of age, were studied. Five non-CMSE patients were used as control, ranging from 22 days to 72 days of age. The morphometric parameters under study were villous height, crypt zone depth, ratio of villous height to crypt zone depth, total mucosal thickness and length of surface epithelium by using H & E stained specimens under the drawing apparatus attached microscope. In addition, the numbers of lymphocytes in the epithelium and eosinophil cells in the lamina propria and epithelium were measured. Results: In the duodenal mucosal biopsy specimens in CMSE we found partial and subtotal villous atrophy with an increased number of interepithelial lymphocytes. The mean villous height($135{\pm}59\;{\mu}m$), ratio of villous height to crypt zone depth ($0.46{\pm}0.28$), total mucosal thickness ($499{\pm}56\;{\mu}m$), length of surface epithelium of small intestinal mucosa ($889{\pm}231\;{\mu}m$) in CMSE was significantly decreased compared with the control (p<0.05). The mean crypt zone depth ($311{\pm}65\;{\mu}m$) was significantly greater than the control ($188{\pm}24\;{\mu}m$)(p<0.05). Infiltration of interepithelial lymphocytes ($34.1{\pm}10.5$) were significantly greater than the control ($13.6{\pm}3.6$)(p<0.05). The number of eosinophil cells in both lamina propria and epithelium was no significant differences between groups (p>0.05). The small intestinal mucosa in treated CMSE showed much improved enteropathy of villous height, crypt zone depth, interepithelial lymphocytes compared with the control as well as untreated CMSE. Conclusion: Quantitation of mucosal dimensions confirmed the presence of CMSE. It seems to be a limitation in the capacity of crypt cells to compensate for the loss of villous epithelium in CMSE. Specimens obtained by gastrofiberscopic duodenal mucosal biopsy were suitable for morphometric diagnosis of CMSE. Improvement of CMSE also can be confirmed histologically after the therapy of protein hydrolysate.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.1241-1248
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• 2009

Purpose:The etiology of Kawasaki disease (KD) is still unknown. Recently, an association between human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) and KD was implicated. Hence, we attempted to determine the association between KD and acute respiratory viral infections. Methods:Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were obtained from 54 patients diagnosed with KD at the Seoul National University (SNU) Children's Hospital and SNU-Bundang Hospital between October 2003 and September 2006. Viral diagnoses of 11 respiratory viruses were made using multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR): respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, rhinovirus (RV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) 1 and 3, influenza viruses (IFVs) A and B, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human bocavirus (HBoV), HCoV OC43/229E, and HCoV-NL63. Clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. Results:The median age was 32 months (6 months-10.4 years). Respiratory symptoms were observed in 37 patients (69%). The following respiratory viruses were identified in 12 patients (22%): RV (n=4), PIV-3 (n=2), HBoV (n=2), and adenovirus, RSV, PIV-1, IFV-A, and HCoV-NL63 (n=1). Co-infection with PIV-3 and RV was observed in one patient. Respiratory symptoms were observed in 7 (58.3%) and 30 (71.4%) patients of the virus-positive and virus-negative groups (P>0.05). Response rate to intravenous immunoglobulin administration was 67% (n=8) and 86% (n=36) in the virus- positive and virus-negative groups (P>0.05). Conclusion:Respiratory symptoms were commonly observed in KD patients but the association between respiratory viruses and KD were not found. Large multicenter-based investigations are required to confirm the association between acute respiratory viral infections and KD.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.19-37
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• 2012

This study aims to give a broad overview of family-related contents in home economics from the 1st national curriculum to the 2007 revised national curriculum, thereby contributing to value fulfillment, textbook research, and educational development of home economics. The findings are summed up as follows: First, this study looks at the change of family-related goals and contents in home economics tutorials by national curriculum. Family-related goals shift a focus from a member of nation to individual pursuit of happiness, and the scope of family-related contents expands from a part of family (i.e. understanding of children) to every aspect of family life. Second, family-related contents record a higher share in home economics textbooks at the later stage of national curriculum. Third, this study classifies the change of family-related contents in home economics textbooks by national curriculum into seven categories: understanding of human development, process of human development, parenting and parental roles, understanding of family and family transition, marriage and family development, family relationship and issues, and family well-being. In particular, 'understanding of human development' underscores fundamental principles between the 3rd~6th national curriculum, 'process of human development' broadens its initial focuses on infancy and the preschool period to every scope of human development after the 5th national curriculum. 'Parenting and parental role' continues to stress parental roles and duties plus childcare for infants and preschoolers. In 'understanding of family and family transition,' national curriculums show the biggest difference in family perspectives subject to social change, and later national curriculums feature various family types recently on the rise. In 'marriage and family development,' initial national curriculums construe marriage as a necessity, whereas later national curriculums emphasize it as a matter of choice intertwined with mature love and responsibility. With coming under spotlight in recent national curriculum, 'family relationship and issues' highlights communication and family views based on gender equality for family unity. 'Family well-being' constitutes a pivotal part in the 2007 revised national curriculum, and it has recently emerged as the hottest issue in the family area as it presents lifelong welfare.

• Journal of forensic and investigative science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2007

News from the media on sexual assaults to children committed by natural fathers doesn't attract social attention any more. The number of crimes related to Child Sexual Assault(CSA) is increasing every year in spite of the "Special Act on Prevention of Sexual Assault in Korea". The YoungNam District Sunflower Center for prevention of Child Sexual Assaults(SC-CSA) was established in Daegu, June 2005. The YoungNam District SC-CSA provides forensic evaluation of physical evidence, medical and psychological treatment for the victims less than 13 years of sexual assaults simultaneously. This study carried out 36 cases of CSA by kin reported to YoungNam District SC-CSA, among 180 cases in total until December 2006 since its opening. Most of the victims were girls (32 cases). 28 cases (78%) were indecent assaults (78%) and 8 cases (22%) were rapes. The assailants were overwhelmingly males (35 cases). The assailants of 21 cases (58.3%) were identified as the victims' natural fathers. The incident locations were victim's residence (31 cases, 86.1%) and the victims had been sexually assaulted regularly for many years (25 cases, 69.4%). Considering the above research, we can conclude that CSA committed by kin has specific characteristics. CSA is not a one-time incident, but consistently occurring crime. However, in 22 cases (61.1%), the victim's guardian didn't want to report about it or punish the assailants. As the assailants were natural fathers or relatives of the victims, the other family members probably thought it might be shameful to reveal their wrong doings and would lead to defamation of their family's reputation. The SC-CSA provides the counseling and medical treatment to the victims with the consent of the parents. Due to the guardians' misjudgment, the incident is sometimes not reported to the police. By not reporting the incident to the police, the assailant freely commits other crimes, which multiplies victims. The legal Act of supporting the management of the SC-CSA is still not regulated, so the stability of the SC-CSA is not guaranteed, yet. Even though it is obligatory to report incidents to the police, some cases are still not reported. Currently, there are three SC-CSA centers : in Seoul, in Daegu, and in Gwangju. More centers need to be established to diminish CSA cases in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.185-201
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to reveal and confirm the factor structure inherent in the Korean inventory of peer relationships(KIPR; Sang-Hwang Hong, et al., 2009) in order to strengthen the interpretive usefulness of the test. For this purpose, the inventory was administered to the total of 616 children in the fourth through sixth grades in three elementary schools located in Gyungnam area, and the data from 578 of them were analyzed. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, as a result of the exploratory factor analysis of 3-factor and 4-factor models, the 3-factor model was found to be more appropriate. In the 3-factor model, the factor 1 is named "Lack of Self-Confidence and Social Withdrawal" as it consists of such circumplex scale items as Non-Assertiveness (C5), Social Avoidance (C4), the Cold (C3), and Too Submissive (C6). The factor 2 is named "Too Aggressive and Controlling" and consists of items Too Controlling (C1) and Hard to be Supportive (C2). The factor 3 is named "Too Caring" and consists of items Too Responsible (C7), Over Involvement (C8), and Too Submissive (C6). Second, as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, the 3-factor model, in comparison to the 4-factor model, was found to better reflect the collected data(RMSEA=.054), its goodness of fit was not satisfactory but within the acceptable range(CFI=.786), and its power of simplicity and clarity was also adequate(PCFI=.733). In the current study, through the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of scores from the Korean inventory of peer relationships circumplex scales, scales within the peer relationship circumplex model that are near each other and are highly correlated were confirmed to be grouped together as same factors. I believe the main merit of the study lies in the above result having provided the necessary foundation for forming the superordinate and representative scale that encompasses the eight circumplex scales, which enhances the test's interpretive usefulness.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the perception and emotional experiences in rare and intractable diseases for caregivers of pediatric patients with mitochondrial diseases in order to provide therapeutic interventions for patients, caregivers, and families. Methods: A total of 83 caregivers of pediatric patients with mitochondrial diseases were recruited from the pediatric mitochondrial disease clinics of the Gangnam Severance Hospital in South Korea. Participants completed the survey about their perception of mitochondrial disease and emotional experiences after the diagnosis, and these clinical data were analyzed accordingly. Results: Surveys from a total of 83 caregivers of patients were analyzed, and the patients' age ranged from 6 to 12 years (33%), followed by ages 1 to 6 years (30%). Children with mitochondrial diseases were between 0 and 0.5 years of age at the time of first symptom onset (43%), and the duration of illness lasted more than 10 years in most cases (42%). Prior to diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases, the amount of awareness the caregivers had was 'Not at all' for both rare and intractable diseases and mitochondrial diseases in 44 cases and 68 cases, respectively. For the caregivers' emotional experiences, the most common initial responses were 'Discouraged/despair', 'Helpless/lethargic', and 'Disconcerted'. 'Anxious', 'Committed to treatment', and 'Responsibility as family members' were the most common emotional responses from the caregivers, followed by 'Disconcerted' and 'Helpless/lethargic'. Conclusion: It is important to consider the level of perception and emotional experiences of caregivers and patients with rare and intractable mitochondrial diseases for planning treatment programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.407-418
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• 2015

Purpose: Given that the indicators related to chronic diseases are important to evaluating goals of the national health policy, the aim of this study was to develop dietary behavior items available in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: The dietary behavior items were developed based on the literature reviews, need assessment of the field, expert focus-group interviews, and expert advisory meeting. Questions for each dietary behavior item were developed by reflecting on environmental, personal, and behavior factors of the ecological frame and then revised through expert focus-group interview and expert advisory meeting. The understanding and reliability of the developed questionnaire were assessed by cognitive interview and test-retest reliability. Results: The developed items were sodium and salt intake, added and simple sugar intake, enough time to consume a meal for all ages, caffeine drinks and fresh/healthy food intake for children and adolescents, and limited dietary intake, fresh/healthy food intake for seniors. In most questions except some questions on sodium and salt intake, subjects understood over 70% and consistency of responses based on the kappa values was acceptable. Conclusion: Developed dietary behavior items are expected to be useful for evidence-based nutrition policy, interventions and research targeting dietary patterns through investigating and monitoring dietary behavior patterns.