• 대한간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 1971

The conclusions were obtained from the detailed survey of 1,285 students experiencing menstruation, who were chosen among 1,717 students in middle & high school girls in Seoul. The survey was conducted during July 20-July 24, 1971. 1. Age of Menarche An average age of menarche was 13.3$\pm$1.07. The earliest age of menarche was 9 and the latest age 18. Ages of menarche were between 12 and 14 in 84.3 percent of the students surveyed. a. By present age distribution, the aged students were lower, than younger students in the average age of menarche. b. By father′s educational levels, among the students whose fathers were graduated from high schools, college & ever the earliest average age of menarche was found with 13.2, and among the students whose fathers were graduated from primary schools that wag latest with 13.6. c. By father′s occupations, among the students whose fathom engaged in "workers not classifiable"the earliest age of menarche was found with 12.5$\pm$0.27, among the students whose fathers were in "service business"the second was 12.9$\pm$1.07, and among the students whose fathers were in "miners, quarrymen and related workers"that was latest with 13.8$\pm$1.14. d. By economic status, among the students of "wealthy"families the age of menarche was 13.1$\pm$0.25, the among the students of "ordinary"families the lags of menarche 13.3$\pm$1.06. and the among the students of "poor" families that was 13.8$\pm$0.31. e. By home discipline, among the students being treated "rigid" the age of menarche was 13.5$\pm$1.13, among the students being treated "moderate"the age of menarche was 13.3$\pm$0.22, and those being treated "indifferent" that was 13.0$\pm$0.26. f. By students physical condition, among the students of "good" condition the average of menarche was 13.3$\pm$0.16, and among the students "poor" that was 13.5$\pm$0.31. 2. Menstruation a. For the six months after the average of menarche 39.0 percent of the students had normal menstruations, and 61.3 percent of them had abnormal ones. Of the students with abnormal menstruation 21.7 percent had abnormal menstruation from time to time, 25.4 percent had no menstruation for one month to three months, 7.2 percent had menstruation for four to six months and 6.7 per cent had no menstruation for more than sin months. Most students became to have normal menstruations a few months later the age of menarche. b. At the time interviewed, the percentile of cycle of menstruation as following: 23 days types: 46.8 percent 30 days types: 40.6 percent others : 12.6 percent The average cycle of menstruation was every 28.9 days. c. The average duration of menstruation is 4.69 days. d. The subjective symptoms during menstruation period: Out of the total 89.7 per cent had some pains, while 10.3 percent had no symptom. Among the symptoms, abdominal pain occupied 29.9 percent, neurotic symptoms 19.0 percent and lumbago 15.1 percent. e. By attitude or Action at first physical change, "Treated it by own experience" : 30.0 percent "Don′t know what to do because of ignorance" : 20.1 percent "Asked others about it" : 43.0 percent

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.485-501
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics and dietary intake of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years according to the frequency of milk consumption. Methods: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for the study. The study examined adolescents' (12~18 years) demographic characteristics (house income level, residence region, skipping or not-skipping of breakfast/lunch/dinner, eating-out frequency), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit) and nutrient intakes through quantitative and qualitative evaluation using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) of 3 groups (< 1/week, 1~6/week, ≥ 1/day) according to the frequency of milk consumption. Results: There were significant differences in gender and income levels among the 3 groups. There were no differences in height, weight, and weight status among groups. There were differences in biochemical characteristics and nutrient intake. In boys, there were differences in the mean of BUN and HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among 3 groups. In girls, there were differences in the mean of blood urea nitrogen, creatine, HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of protein, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among the 3 groups. Conclusions: In Korean adolescents, boys had a higher frequency of milk consumption than girls, and higher the income level, higher the frequency of milk consumption. Consumption of milk appeared to have a positive association with triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and indices related to muscle mass. Regular consumption of milk is an important factor in enhancing the intake of riboflavin, calcium, and phosphorus, which adolescents lack. The results of the study indicate a need to prepare an environment and education program to increase milk consumption in adolescents at home and school.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine height, weight. chest circumference, sitting height, hematological status. eating behaviors and nutrient intakes for the lower grade primary school children in Gwangju. The subjects consisted of 76 boys and 60 girls aged 9 years old. Height, Weight, Chest circumference, Sitting height, Hct, WBC, RBC, Hb, serum GOT, GPT and cholesterol were measured. With regard to regularity of meal time, 66.7% of the subjects has been 'regular'. With regaled to amount of eaten food, 100.0% of the subjects has been 'moderate'. With regard to nutritional balance, 66.6% of the subjects has been 'think,but do not practice'. The study also found that 100.0% of the subjects skipped breakfast, liked korean food. Their dietary intake vase assesed for 1 day by means of 24 hours dietary recall method. The mean energy intake of the subjects was 1,306 kcal. The subjects consumed 47.9g protein, 28.8g lipid, 3.9g fiber, 446.9mg calcium, 835.0mg phosphorous, 7.9mg iron, 3,721mg sodium, 1.863mg potassium, 362.3RE retinol, 0.8mg thiamin, 1.1mg riboflavin, 10.8NE niacin, 93.9mg ascorbic acrid and 173.5mg cholesterol respectively. Energy, protein, calcium, iron, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin intake was lower than the Korean RDA. There were positive correlations between meal time and protein intake or fat intake or fiber intake or iron intake or retinol intake : negative correlations between meal time and sodium intake negative correlations between saltiness and cholesterol intake positive correlations between use of perilla seeds and riboflavin intake or niacin intake : negative correlations between energy intake or carbohydrate intake or phosphorous intake : negative correlations between frequency of eating-out and protein intake or fat intake or fiber intake or iron intake or retinol intake or thiamin intake or riboflavin intake or niacin intake.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2014

The purposes of this study were to explore the effect of mother-child emotional availability on preschooler's preschool adjustment and mediating effect of preschooler's effortful control on the relationship between mother child emotional availability and preschooler's preschool adjustment. 222 preschoolers(110 boys, 112 girls, aged 5) and their mothers participated in this study. Mother child emotional availability was assessed by Emotional Availability Scale(Biringen, et al., 1998). Preschooler's effortful control was measured by the Child Behavior Questionnaire(Rothbart, et al., 1994). Preschooler's school adjustment was measured by Teacher Rating Scale of School Adjustment: TRSSA(Buhs & Ladd, 2001). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and structural equation modeling analysis. The major results of this study were as follows; First, Mother-child emotional availability effected on preschooler's preschool adjustment. Second, Mother-child emotional availability effected on preschooler's effortful control. Third, Preschooler's effortful control effected on preschooler's preschool adjustment. Forth, preschooler's effortful control mediated the effect of mother-child emotional availability on preschooler's preschool adjustment. That was, the more mother-child were emotionally available to each other, the more preschooler's effortfully control their attention and behavior, which in turn contributed to preschooler's preschool adjustment. In conclusion, mother-child emotional availability affect on preschooler's preschool adjustment and preschoolers control mediates the relationship between mother-child emotional availability and preschool adjustment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.373-385
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• 1995

The association between blood lead of children and Intelligent Quotient(I.Q) was investigated in a sample of 100 boys and girls aged $6\sim8$ years from one primary school within an industrial area of Pusan. The trained undergraduates in school of public health administered an 1.0. test one by one. Parents answered a questionnaire on demographic, perinatal and socioeconomic variables. Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer was used to determine blood lead levels. The geometric mean of blood lead value was $7.99{\mu}g/dl$. In total children, there was no significant relationship between blood lead level and I.Q. But in the children who were born of gestational age of less than 38 weeks, children with higher levels of blood lead performed more poorly on I.Q test with correlation coefficient from -0.68 to -0.71. But, the children who were born of gestational age of 38 weeks and more were same as total children. These results suggest that exposure to low levels of lead in the children who were born premature probably may result in impaired intelligent development. But, We think that more profound study should be performed with sufficient numbers of subjects.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.5009-5018
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• 2014

Introduction: Numerous countries have launched campaigns regarding sun protection in the last decades. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess an intervention program aimed at higher knowledge and healthier attitudes regarding sun protection. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 4,133 students aged 8-12 years from a single Greek province. Results: In most items, knowledge levels after the intervention were found to be higher than those before ($2.8{\pm}0.9$ vs $3.3{\pm}0.9$), while knowledge about sun protection factors seems to have had the highest improvement (27.1% vs 56.6%). However, student attitudes did not appear to improve, with the exception of applying sunscreen with a higher SPF (29.7% vs 54.8%). Girls seemed to have healthier attitudes compared to boys, but gender played no role with regard to knowledge levels. Also, place of residence did not play any role regarding knowledge levels, although those living in semi-urban areas seemed to have more unhealthy attitudes. Logistic regression by correlating knowledge and attitudes established that higher knowledge levels are usually accompanied by healthier attitudes, albeit marginally. Conclusions: The intervention had a positive contribution to the student knowledge level regarding sun protection and also led to small improvements regarding some attitudes. Continuous similar interventions could lead to better results and the adoption of healthier attitudes.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.15-30
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• 1989

This study deals with the following problems about leisure activity of young people and leisure guidance of mothers, (1) Leisure activity of children by the independent variables, (2) Leisure guidance of mothers by the independent variables. (3) The relation between leisure guidance of mothers and leisure activity of young people. This research used the questionaire survey. The subjects were 830 couples of mother and pupil (pupils of 4, 5 and t grades in six primary school in Kwang-Ju city). The statistics used for data analysis were percentage, t, F-test, X2. The results of this study are summarized as follows; (1) Boys and girls average leisure hours: week days…2 hour, saturday…3 hours, Sunday and holiday…4.5 hours, the school vacation…6.2 hours. And leisure activity showed the significant difference in sex, age, educational level, family form (p 0.001, p 0.05, p 0.010). Generally, they had social & amusing leisure activity. And a hindrance cause of leisure activ ty is due to hard working in learning practice. (2) The necessity of leisure activity showed higher in the aged mother and high educated mother, lower in the poor family. And guidance content showed the significant difference in sex of children(p 0.001), educational level of parents(p 0.05). Actually mothers wanted intellectual leisure activity. (3) The relation between the leisure activity pattern desired by leisure activity of mothers and children pattern showed that mothers demanded the various patterns, but children wanted social & amusing leisure activities mainly. Only children's patterns agreed with mothers in the artistic, intellectual, activities on Saturday and during the vacation. And the relation between mothers satisfaction degree in the leisure activity of children and children's satisfaction degree showed the significant difference (p 0.05). Children's satisfaction degree is high, irrespective of mothers satisfaction degree.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.212-224
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrients intake, Rohrer index, serum cholesterol level, blood pressure and others for clinical and nutritional study on school children in Taejon. This survey was carried out in October, 1995. The subjects were 362 children, 6 to 11 years old. The results were summarized as follows. By Rohrer index, 4.6% of the children was lean, 69.6% was normal, 17.4% was overweight and 8.6% was obese group. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and skin fold thickness of all subjects were 111.7$\pm$15.7mmHg, 69.8$\pm$14.9mmHg and 14.5$\pm$7.3mm respectively. Systolic blood pressure and skin fold thickness were increased with Rohrer index. Total cholesterol, urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in blood were 160.8$\pm$23.9mm/dl, 11.5$\pm$3.5mm/dl and 0.71$\pm$0.12mm/dl respectively but not significantly different among groups. These levels have a slight tendency to increase in obese group but not significantly different among groups. Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were 41.3$\pm$4.7%, 13.1$\pm$1.6g/dl. These levels of 11 years old girls were lower than same aged boys. Composition ratio of total energy intakes were 65% of CHO, 13% of protein and 22% of fat. Energy and most nutrients intakes were insufficient except for P and vitamin C. Especially the amount of vitamin A, Fe, Zn and folate intakes were lower than halves of RDA'S. Most nutrients intake were not significantly different among groups. Pearson' correlation in Rohrer index with nutrients intakes were all negative correlation significantly different of K, Na and Thiamin.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.336-342
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• 2014

Objectives: Child mortality remains a critical problem even in developed countries due to low fertility. To plan effective interventions, investigation into the trends and causes of child mortality is necessary. Therefore, we analyzed these trends and causes of child deaths over the last 30 years in Korea. Methods: Causes of death data were obtained from a nationwide vital registration managed by the Korean Statistical Information Service. The mortality rate among all children aged between one and four years and the causes of deaths were reviewed. Data from 1983-2012 and 1993-2012 were analyzed separately because the proportion of unspecified causes of death during 1983-1992 varied substantially from that during 1993-2012. Results: The child (1-4 years) mortality rates substantially decreased during the past three decades. The trend analysis revealed that all the five major causes of death (infectious, neoplastic, neurologic, congenital, and external origins) have decreased significantly. However, the sex ratio of child mortality (boys to girls) slightly increased during the last 30 years. External causes of death remain the most frequent origin of child mortality, and the proportion of mortality due to child assault has significantly increased (from 1.02 in 1983 to 1.38 in 2012). Conclusions: In Korea, the major causes and rate of child mortality have changed and the sex ratio of child mortality has slightly increased since the early 1980s. Child mortality, especially due to preventable causes, requires public health intervention.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.618-627
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• 2004

Purpose: To investigate the dental health status of kindergarten children according to their oral health behavior. Method: The subjects were 172 kindergarten children aged 5. A structured questionnaire was used for dental health behavior and oral health status were examined by dentist and bacteria in salivary. Result: 1. Mean score of oral health behavior of children was 4.69 points (SD1.65) with the highest score being 13. No significant differences were observed according to sex, except using tooth paste. A total 71.5% of subjects brushed their tooth twice a day, 9.9% of them once a day, 18.6% of them three times a day, 19.2% of children brushed their teeth after breakfast and lunch, 89.5% of then after dinner, 5.8% of them before going to bed, 18.6% of children brushed correctly, 79.7% of them used tooth paste with fluorine, 3.5% of them regularly examined oral cavity, 84.4% of them took cariogenic food without any restrain, 67.1% of them were observed with oral cavity by their mother. 2. Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in the saliva was $3.66({\times}106CFU/m{\ell})\;and\;1.05({\times}103CFU/m{\ell})$, respectively. No significant differences were observed according to sex, while lactobacilli were significantly lower in those children who had regular dental examinations. 3. The index of plaque was 1.56 and the boys were significantly higher than the girls. The mean dft was 4.99. No significant differences were observed according to sex, while the children whose oral cavity was observed regular were significantly lower than those who were not observed. Conclusion: As a whole the practice of oral health behavior of the kindergarten children was poor, and regular dental examinations and oral cavity observations affect their dental health status. These results suggest that intensive dental health education was needed not only for the pre-school children but also their parents and teachers.