• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine if Likert scales had been properly utilized in community nutrition research. A total of 527 research articles published in the 32 issues of Korean Journal of Community Nutrition from the volume 5, issue 1 in 2000 to the volume 10, issue 2 in 2005 were screened and 55 articles were found to have utilized one or more Likert scales for the studies. Therefore, 109 Likert scales used in the 55 studies were reviewed regarding the name, statement and response items, reliability and validity check, and analysis method. The scales were mostly referred as Likert scales (60%) or Likert-type scales (27%). Some scales were found to be referred as Likert scales although they were Likert-type scales when judged based on the information given in the respective articles. However some scales couldn't be judged for the rightness of the names because the information given for the scales in the articles was not enough. About 23% of the scales consisted of items less than 6 or more than 30, and therefore found to be inappropriate. The percentage of the scales listing all the statement items in the articles was only 25%. Most of the scales (85%) included 5 response items, and the rest included 4 (7%), 7 (6%), or 3 (2%). The percentages of the scales including appropriate center and end items were only 2% and 22%, respectively. Less than half of the scales (41%) were found to have been checked for reliability and only one scale was reported to have been checked for validity. In some scales (6%), the responses were scored improperly for analysis. The responses to the scales were frequently found to have been analyzed by parametric statistics such as mean, ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson's correlation, which might be a problem depending on the size and distribution of study samples. In conclusion, there is much room for improvement in the use of Likert scales in community nutrition research.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.66-74
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• 1971

The general morphological characteristics of scales on the body surface in Cyprininae fishes can be summarized as follows: 1) The lentic and lotic habitats have no relation to the phase of scales. 2) The scales in the anterior body parts have transverse diameters longer than their longi-tudinal diameters: in the posterior body parts, the opposite holds true. 3) The scales having the largest diameters, both longitudinal and transverse, are the lateral line scales. 4) The position of the focus on each scale move posteriorly as the scale grows. In other words, the forward growth of the scales exceeds the backward. 5) The number of ridges in each scale is in proportion to longitudinal diameter. 6) In Cyprinus, the scales on the middle part of the body surface have more grooves than those on the other parts. All scales on this species commonly show incompleted grooves on the anterior and posterior areas, but the lateral area lacks grooves entirely. 7) In Carassius, there are more completed grooves than incompleted grooves. All grooves are arranged in radial patterns on the scales.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.147-175
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• 2006

Objective : This study is to investigate the method for assesment and diagnosis of ADHD, especially focusing on behavior rating scales. Methods : We searched the recent date of the publication and paper in ADHD. Results : For Assesment and Diagnosis of ADHD, various method such as interview with parents, child and teacher, behavior observation, behavior rating scales and neuropsychological test are used. The structured interview consists of the restrictive questions and response, and then have diagnostic algorithm, consequently can be used by untrained clinicians. Of the structured interview, standardization of K-SADS in Korean version is finished. Behavior rating scales, the form of parent, teacher and self-report questionnaires, are used as diagnosis and treatment evaluation of ADHD. Behavior rating scales consist of both ADHD-specific scales and broad-band scales designed to screen for various symptoms (including ADHD symptoms). ADHD-specific scales are useful in differential diagnosis, discrimination of subtype, treatment evaluation, However, broad-band scales are useful in preliminary examination. The neuropsychological tests can evaluate attention deficit and effect of attention deficit on cognitive function and academic performance. The neuropsychological tests also used in diagnosis and treatment evaluation of ADHD. Conclusion : For Assesment and Diagnosis of ADHD, various method are used, especially behavior rating scales are both useful and simple tool for diagnosis and treatment evaluation.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.155-164
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• 1993

In this study the author had attempted to establish a correlation among alcohol use and MMPI and lunar cycle. MMPI was carried on 2, April 1992(the last day of the second lunar month) and 15, June 1992(the fifteenth day of the fifth lunar month). These experiments took male and female students who were in WON KWANG University as subjects. The results of it suggested the followings. 1) Drinkers and normal subjects average of T-score in each scales were in a normal scores. 2) In every scales except L,K,Si scales drinkers showed higher scores than normal subjects. There was a significant difference on L, F, Pd, Pa, Sc, Ma scales. 3) On the fifteenth day of the month, drinkers showed Higher T-Scores than normal subjects in every scales excepts L,K,Si scales. There was a significant difference in Ma scale. 4) On the last day of the month, drinkers showed higher T-scores than normal subjects in every scales except L,K,Mf,Si scales. There was a significant difference on L, F, Pd, Sc, Ma scales. 5) Drinkers showed higher than normal subjects in symptom of neurosis and psychosis. As the results of above, human character changes to some extend according to alcohol use. There is a tendency that repeated drinking of college students prone to change into habitual drinking or alcoholic impairment. So controlled drinking among the college students is highly recommended.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to develop the following scales on women's environmental health and to examine their validity and reliability: severity, susceptibility, response efficacy, self-efficacy, benefit, barrier, personal health behavior, and community health behavior scales. Methods: The item pool was generated based on related scales, a wide literature review, and indepth interviews on women's environmental health according to the revised Rogers' protection motivation theory model. Content validity was verified by three nursing professionals. Exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, and internal consistency reliability were examined. Results: The scales included 10 items on severity, 11 on susceptibility, 10 on response efficacy, 14 on self-efficacy, 8 on benefits, 10 on barriers, 17 on personal health behavior, and 16 on community health behavior. Convergent validity with the environmental behavior scale for female adolescents was supported. The Cronbach's α values for internal consistency were good for all scales: severity, . 84; susceptibility, .92; response efficacy, .88; self-efficacy, .90; benefits, .91; barriers, .85; personal health behavior, .90; and community health behavior, .91. Conclusion: The evaluation of the psychometric properties shows that these scales are valid and reliable measures of women's environmental health awareness and behaviors. These scales may be helpful for assessing women's environmental health behaviors, thereby contributing to efforts to promote environmental health.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.27-41
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Infant Montessori Performance Assessment Scales developed by the authors. Subjects of the study consisted of 132 Montessori teachers and 50 infants who were attending Montessori home school throughout the whole country, using census method. Infant's age ranged from 6 to 24 months. Data were analysed by using SAS 8.2 PC program. Statistical methods employed were frequency, Cronbach's alpha, Kappa coefficient, test-retest correlation, construct validity, and concurrent validity. The Cronbach's alpha of 6 sub-scales included physical, creativity, practical life, sense, language, and cognitive education, which ranged from .70 to .86. And the! correlation of the test/re-test was .72. The correlation between the 6 sub-scales of Infant-Montessori Performance Assessment Scales and the total scores of 6 items ranged from .06 to .84. Therefore, the construct validity of Infant Montessori Performance Assessment Scales was verified. The Kappa coefficient of inter-rater reliability was .76. The correlation between the Infant Montessori Performance Assessment Scales and the Standardized Korean Creativity Traits Checklist(K-CTC) and the Korean Child Social Maturity Scales showed non-significant levels of .16 and .12 respectively. Conclusively, Infant Montessori Performance Assessment Scales developed by the authors were verified through the above reliability and validity tests. Specifically the Infant Montessori Performance Assessment Scales showed the relationship of the convergent and divergent validity with the Korean Child Social Maturity Scales and the Standardized Korean Creativity Traits Checklist, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.199-213
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• 2002

This preliminary study aimed to develop 3 assessment scales for self-evaluation by day care directors and teachers. The development of major areas of evaluation and items as well as evaluation criteria for each item was based on the analysis of related research and major evaluation instruments. A panel of experts in early childhood education examined the contents. The 3 preliminary scales were administered in 87 day care centers; data were analyzed by item response distribution, item discrimination, and reliability of the scales. Items indicating low item discrimination were deleted and minor revisions were made to improve psychometric characteristics of each scale. The final version of the 3 scales is valid for use as self-evaluation instruments by day care directors and teachers.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.129-142
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was to investigate MMPI profile on clinical scales and personality scales of Panic Disorder patients. Methods : Thirty eight Panic Disorder patients and twenty eight normal control were administered the MMPI. Experimental design was done by nonequivalent control group and statistics were crosstabs, chi-square test, ANOVA, t-test and cluster analysis Results and Conclusions : 1. The MMPI clinical scales profile of Panic Disorder patients was neurotic profile of 2-7 type. Panic Disorder patients was elevated the other scales except L, K, Mf and Ma scales for control group. 2. A result of grouping MMPI in Panic Disorder patients, we could classify into 3 different groups. Group 1 is a profile of conversional neurosis. Group 2 is a normal proflie. Group 3 is a proflie of $'{\Lambda}'$ type neurosis. 3. Personality characteristics in Panic Disorder patients was lowed scores in HST, NAR scales, elevated the other scales except ANT scale. Specially in PAG, AVD scales showed high scores.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.155-166
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• 2021

Objectives: To analyze correlation between CSEI-S and MMPI-2 subscales to provide evidence for clinical application of the CSEI-S. Methods: Survey data of CSEI-S and MMPI-2 from 109 university students were analyzed. Demographic characteristics were subjected to descriptive analysis. Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson's correlation analysis were performed for CSEI-S and MMPI-2 scores. Results: The CSEI-S scale Joy (喜) showed a negative correlation with MMPI-2 clinical scales Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Si. Six negative emotion scales of the CSEI-S showed positive correlations with MMPI-2 clinical scales except Mf and Ma. The CSEI-S scale Joy (喜) showed negative correlations with MMPI-2 restructured clinical scales RCd, RC1, RC2, and RC7. Six negative emotion scales of the CSEI-S showed positive correlations with restructured MMPI-2 clinical scales. The 60T-and-over group of MMPI-2 clinical scales D, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, Si, and Si showed significantly higher negative emotions than other groups. The 60T-and-over group of MMPI-2 scales D, Pt, Sc, and Si showed significantly lower Joy (喜) score than other groups. The 60T-and-over group of MMPI-2 restructured clinical scales RCd, RC2, RC3, RC6, RC7, RC8, and RC9 showed significantly higher negative emotions than other groups. The 60T-and-over group of MMPI-2 scales RCd, RC6, and RC7 showed significantly lower Joy (喜) scores than others. Conclusions: The CSEI-S showed consistent results with the original CSEI and MMPI-2 subscales. Thus, is a useful diagnostic tool in clinical practice.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 1976

This study attempted to measure personality changes in collegiate nursing students as a result of their psychiatric nursing practice. The study population consisted of 310 students in 8 colleges of nursing in Korea, 96 with psychiatric practice, 103 with other clinical practice and III without clinical practice experience. The objectives of the study were to identify: 1. The self-actualization scores of nursing students resulting from psychiatric nursing practice. 2. The self-actualization scores of nursing students resulting from other clinical nursing practice. 3. The difference between scores for students with clinical practice experience and those without experience. 4. The relevance between self-actualization and sibling order. 5. The relevance between self- actualization and religion. 6. The coefficiently scores for students before and after clinical practice. The instrument used was the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), developed by Shostrom. It provides a measure of values and behavior which are thought to be of importance in the development of self- actualization. The main findings of the study were as follows: 1. There was a significant difference in the Time Competence, Self Regard, and Nature of Man scales resulting from psychiatric nursing practice. 2. There was a significant difference in the Inner Directed, Existentialist, Feeling Reactivity, Spontaneity, Nature of Man and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales resulting from other clinical nursing practice. 3. There was a significant difference in the Inner Directed, Feeling Reactivity, Spontaneity, Self- Regard and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales between students with clinical practice and those without practice. 4. There was a significant difference in the Self-Acceptance scale for both the eldest and the youngest siblings. 5. There was a significant difference in the Time Competence, Inner Directed, Existentialist, Self-Acceptance and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales for middle and youngest siblings, 6. There was a significant difference in the Existentialist scale between students with a religion and those without one. 7. There was a significant difference for students without a religion in the Time Competence, Inner Directed, Self-Regard, Nature of Man, and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales after clinical practice. 8. There was a significant difference for students, with a religion in the Inner Directed, Existentialist, Spontaneity, and Nature of Man scales after clinical practice. 9. There was a significant difference for students in the Self- Actualizing value, Spontaneity, Nature of Man and Synergy scales according to whether their parents had a religion or not. 10. Before and after practice, significantly different correlations were found between the Time Competence and Capacity for Intimate Contact scales : the Inner Directed and Existentialist scales ; the Self- Actualizing Value and the Feeling Reactivity, Spontaneity, Self-Regard and Nature of Man scales : the Feeling Reactivity and Acceptance of Aggression scales: the Spontaneity and the Self-Regard and Nature of Man scales; and between the Self-Regard and Nature of Man scales.