• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.43 no.8
• /
• pp.747-755
• /
• 2010

Distributed Models have relative weak points due to the amount of computer memory and calculation time required for calculating water flow using a numerical analysis based on kinematic wave theory when compared to the conceptual models used so far. Typically, the distributed models have been mainly applied to small basins. It was necessary to decrease the resolution of the grid to make it applicable for large scale watersheds, and because it would take up too much time to calculate using a higher resolution. That has been one of the more difficult factors in applying the model for actual work. In this paper, MPI (Message Passing Interface) technique was applied to solve the problem of calculation time as it is one of the demerits of the distributed model for performing physical and complicated numerical calculations for large scale watersheds. The comparison studies were performed a single domain and a divided small domain in Yongdam Dam watershed in case of typoon 'Ewiniar' at 2006. They were compared to analyze the application effects of parallelization technique. As a result, a maximum of 10 times the amount of calculation time was saved but keeping the level of quality for discharge by using parallelization code rather than a single processor.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.553-576
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of retirement stress, character strengths and marital dissatisfaction on depression. Additionally this study examined direct effects and indirect effects of character strengths and marital dissatisfaction. The participant group was composed of 197 retired men living in Daegu and Gyongsangbuk-do. The Retirement Stress Scale (RSS), Character Strengths Test (CST), Korean Marital Satisfaction Inventory (K-MSI), and Center for Epistemology Studies Depression scale (CES-D) were administered to participants. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS was used for the purpose of analysis. The results of the study were as follows. First, an increase in retirement stress was associated with higher levels of depression. Second, hierarchical regression analysis indicated that higher levels of optimism significantly predicted higher depression. Also hierarchical regression analysis indicated that lower levels of appreciation of beauty and excellence without optimism significantly predicted higher depression. Furthermore, increases in marital dissatisfaction were associated with higher levels of depression. Third, the constructed model including both direct effects and indirect effects appeared to fit better than alternative model in explaining relationships between retirement stress and depression. In other words, character strengths and marital dissatisfaction appeared to affect the depression levels of retired men directly and indirectly. To sum up, this study demonstrated that the factors which had an effect on depression in retired men, character strengths and harmonious marital relationships appeared to act as a buffer against depression in retired men. The current results might serve as basic data for psychological well-being programs for retired men. Finally, the limitations and implications of the current study were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.40
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 1989

The brightness temperature from NOAA AVHRR CH 4 images was examined for the metropolitan Seoul area, the capital city of Korea, to detect the characteristics of the urban heat island for this study. Surface data from 21 meteorological stations were compared with the brightness temperatures Through computer enhancement techniques, more than 20 heat islands could be recognized in South Korea, with 1 km spatii resolution at a scale of 1: 200, 00O(Fig. 3, 4 and 6). The result of the analysis of AVHRR CH 4 images over the metropolitan Seoul area can be summerized as follows (1) The pattern of brightness temperature distribution in the metropolitan Seoul area shows a relatively strong temperature contrast between urban and rural areas. There is some indication of the warm brightness temperature zone characterrizing built-up area including CBD, densely populated residential district and industrial zone. The cool brightness temperature is asociaed with the major hills such as Bukhan-san, Nam-san and Kwanak-san or with the major water bodies such as Han-gang, and reservoirs. Although the influence of the river and reservoirs is obvious in the brightness temperauture, that of small-scaled land use features such as parks in the cities is not features such as parks in the cities is not apperent. (2) One can find a linerar relationshop between the brightenss temperature and air temperature for 10 major cities, where the difference between two variables is larger in big cities. Though the coefficient value is 0.82, one can estimate that factors of the heat islands can not be explained only by the size of the cities. The magnitude of the horizontal brightness temperature differences between urban and rural area is found to be greater than that of horizontal air temperature difference in Korea. (3) Also one can find the high heat island intensity in some smaller cities such as Changwon(won(Tu-r=9.0$^{\circ}$C) and Po-hang(Tu-r==7.1$^{\circ}$~)T. he industrial location quotient of Chang-won is the second in the country and Po-hang the third. (4) A comparision of the enhanced thermal infrared imageries in 1986 and 1989, with the map at a scale of 1:200, 000 for the meotropolitan Seoul area showes the extent of possible urbanization changes. In the last three years, the heat islands have been extended in area. zone characterrizing built-up area including (5) Although the overall data base is small, the data in Fig. 3 suggest that brightness tempeautre could ge utilized for the study on the heat island characteristics. Satellite observations are required to study and monitor the impact of urban heat island on the climate and environment on global scale. This type of remote sensing provides a meams of monitoring the growth of urban and suburban aeas and its impact on the environment.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2015

This study investigated the operation criteria of specialized complexes for horticultural production reflecting the farmers' preferences. First, the analysis of the communal activity included six factors: the group purchase of consumables for common activity, group purchase of the greenhouse apparatus, cooperative seed raising, use of a common air conditioning and heating system, cooperative shipping, and soil examination and certification system. The results of the Importance-Performance analysis can be summarized as follows. The factors requiring good management included the group purchase of consumables for common activity, group purchase of the greenhouse apparatus, and cooperative shipping. The factors with a lower priority included cooperative seed raising and the use of a common air conditioning and heating system. While the importance of the soil examination and certification system was low, the satisfaction was high, so this factor needs to be managed to avoid overkill. Second, the analysis of information exchange and education included six factors: production technique information, greenhouse facility management information, distribution-related information, production technique education, greenhouse facility management education, and distribution-related education. The results of the Importance-Performance analysis can be summarized as follows. The factor of production technique education was the most important determinant, plus the factors requiring good management included production technique information, greenhouse facility management information, and distribution-related information. The factors with a lower priority included greenhouse facility management education and distribution-related education. Therefore, to enhance productivity through facility modernization, the scaling up and creation of more specialized horticulture complexes are recommended as policy measures to gain export competitiveness. As the Korean government is expected to expand the scale of specialized horticulture complexes, the results of this paper can be widely utilized.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pain recovery pattern according to the integrity and to analyze the factors affecting the progress and level of pain postoperatively. Materials and Methods: We examined 153 patients, who were treated with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. 101 rotator cuff tears were full-thickness tear and 52 were partial tear. The mean follow up duration was 20 months (12~30 months). We evaluated the visual analogue scale, range of motion, ASES (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons), and UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) scores preoperatively and postoperatively. We analyzed the pain recovery pattern between partial and full thickness tear using Student T-test and the factors affecting the progress and level of postoperative pain using multiple regression analysis. Results: The change patterns of visual analogue scale after arthroscpoic repair were similar regardless of the tear integrity. The VAS showed a continuous decreasing pattern, but increased at first 3 weeks postoperatively and at 7 weeks postoperatively, and then, decreased thereafter. The average VAS was ${\leqq}2$ points by postoperative 3 months. The factor affecting the pain score at 3 months was related to the preoperative limitation in forward flexion ($r^2=0.377$, p=0.021). Conclusion: There was no differences of the pain recovery pattern according to the integrity, and the factor affecting the progress of postoperative pain was preoperative angle of forward elevation. So, the appropriate preoperative rehabilitation protocol that can improve motions of the shoulder joint would help to improve the level of postoperative pain and functional recovery.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.135-148
• /
• 2017

Response Surface Methodology (RSM), which is combining with Plackett-Burman design and Box-Behnken experimental design, was applied to optimize the ratios of the nutrient components for carotenoid production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides PS-24 in liquid state fermentation. Nine nutrient ingredients containing yeast extract, sodium acetate, NaCl, $K_2HPO_4$, $MgSO_4$, mono-sodium glutamate, $Na_2CO_3$, $NH_4Cl$ and $CaCl_2$ were finally selected for optimizing the medium composition based on their statistical significance and positive effects on carotenoid yield. Box-Behnken design was employed for further optimization of the selected nutrient components in order to increase carotenoid production. Based on the Box-Behnken assay data, the secondary order coefficient model was set up to investigate the relationship between the carotenoid productivity and nutrient ingredients. The important factors having influence on optimal medium constituents for carotenoid production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides PS-24 were determined as follows: yeast extract 1.23 g, sodium acetate 1 g, $NH_4Cl$ 1.75 g, NaCl 2.5 g, $K_2HPO_4$ 2 g, $MgSO_4$ 1.0 g, mono-sodium glutamate 7.5 g, $Na_2CO_3$ 3.71 g, $NH_4Cl$ 3.5g, $CaCl_2$ 0.01 g, per liter. Maximum carotenoid yield of 18.11 mg/L was measured by confirmatory experiment in liquid culture using 500 L fermenter.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.269-277
• /
• 2010

Previous studies have shown that the most important factor affecting customer loyalty in the service industry is service quality. However, on the subject of whether service quality has a direct or indirect effect on customer loyalty, scholars' views apparently vary. Some studies suggest that service quality has a direct and fundamental influence on customer loyalty (Bai and Liu, 2002). However, others have shown that service quality not only directly affects customer loyalty, it also has an indirect impact on customer loyalty by influencing customer satisfaction and perceived value (Cronin, Brady, and Hult, 2000). Currently, there are few domestic articles that specifically address the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty in the mobile communication industry. Moreover, research has studied customer loyalty as a whole variable, rather than breaking it down further into multiple dimensions. Based on this analysis, this paper summarizes previous study results, establishes an effect mechanism model among service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty in the mobile communication industry, and presents a statistical test on model assumptions by using customer investigation data from Heilongjiang Mobile Company. It provides theoretical guidance for mobile service management based on the discussion of the hypothesis test results. For data collection, the sample comprised mobile users in Harbin city, and the survey was taken by random sampling. Out of a total of 300 questionnaires, 276 (92.9%) were recovered. After excluding invalid questionnaires, 249 remained, for an effective rate of 82.6 percent for the study. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient was adapted to assess the scale reliability, and validity testing was conducted on the questionnaire from three aspects: content validity, construct validity. and convergent validity. The study tested for goodness of fit mainly from the absolute and relative fit indexes. From the hypothesis testing results, overall, four assumptions have not been supported. The ultimate affective relationship of service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty is demonstrated in Figure 2. On the whole, the service quality of the communication industry not only has a direct positive significant effect on customer loyalty, it also has an indirect positive significant effect on customer loyalty through service quality; the affective mechanism and extent of customer loyalty are different, and are influenced by each dimension of service quality. This study used the questionnaires of existing literature from home and abroad and tested them in empirical research, with all questions adapted to seven-point Likert scales. With the SERVQUAL scale of Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1988), or PZB, as a reference point, service quality was divided into five dimensions-tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy-and the questions were simplified down to nineteen. The measurement of customer satisfaction was based mainly on Fornell (1992) and Wang and Han (2003), ending up with four questions. Based on the study’s three indicators of price tolerance, first choice, and complaint reaction were used to measure attitudinal loyalty, while repurchase intention, recommendation, and reputation measured behavioral loyalty. The collection and collation of literature data produced a model of the relationship among service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty in mobile communications, and China Mobile in the city of Harbin in Heilongjiang province was used for conducting an empirical test of the model and obtaining some useful conclusions. First, service quality in mobile communication is formed by the five factors mentioned earlier: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. On the basis of PZB SERVQUAL, the study designed a measurement scale of service quality for the mobile communications industry, and obtained these five factors through exploratory factor analysis. The factors fit basically with the five elements, indicating the concept of five elements of service quality for the mobile communications industry. Second, service quality in mobile communications has both direct and indirect positive effects on attitudinal loyalty, with the indirect effect being produced through the intermediary variable, customer satisfaction. There are also both direct and indirect positive effects on behavioral loyalty, with the indirect effect produced through two intermediary variables: customer satisfaction and attitudinal loyalty. This shows that better service quality and higher customer satisfaction will activate the attitudinal to service providers more active and show loyalty to service providers much easier. In addition, the effect mechanism of all dimensions of service quality on all dimensions of customer loyalty is different. Third, customer satisfaction plays a significant intermediary role among service quality and attitudinal and behavioral loyalty, indicating that improving service quality can boost customer satisfaction and make it easier for satisfied customers to become loyal customers. Moreover, attitudinal loyalty plays a significant intermediary role between service quality and behavioral loyalty, indicating that only attitudinally and behaviorally loyal customers are truly loyal customers. The research conclusions have some indications for Chinese telecom operators and others to upgrade their service quality. Two limitations to the study are also mentioned. First, all data were collected in the Heilongjiang area, so there might be a common method bias that skews the results. Second, the discussion addresses the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty, setting customer satisfaction as mediator, but does not consider other factors, like customer value and consumer features, This research will be continued in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.79-88
• /
• 2006

The facility area occupies approximately 50% of the topographic landmarks playing an important role in the utilization of geographical information in various fields, and requires more up-to-date information than the framework data of other areas. However, the expression mode in the 1:5000 digital map, which is a primitive data used for the preparation of framework data in the facility area, limits the description of the information on buildings, and its revision/renewal term of 5 years makes it far from up-to-date or accurate. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the problems and quality deteriorating factors that may occur in establishing the framework data on the basis of existing establishment process of them in the facility area, and improve the qualify of the framework data in facility area by upgrading the methods of quality improvement. Expanding the information on attributes and improving the accuracy of locations were proposed as ways to increase the degree of utilization of the framework data in the facility area. And as the methods of expanding the information on attributes, it was proposed to improve the accuracy of the information on attributes for the framework data in the facility area using the information on attributes in the 1:1000 scale maps, and also to diversify the information on attributes in connection with the LMIS and AIS. To improve the accuracy of the locations, analyses were made with the potential problems that may occur in the establishment process through an experiment on the framework data in the facility area based on 1:1,000 digital map, and the results were used to present an improved, optimum process.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.202-209
• /
• 2017

Background No consensus exists on the optimal treatment protocol for orofacial clefts or the optimal timing of cleft palate closure. This study investigated factors influencing speech outcomes after two-stage palate repair in adults with a non-syndromal complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of adult patients with a UCLP who underwent two-stage palate closure and were treated at our tertiary cleft centre. Patients ${\geq}17$ years of age were invited for a final speech assessment. Their medical history was obtained from their medical files, and speech outcomes were assessed by a speech pathologist during the follow-up consultation. Results Forty-eight patients were included in the analysis, with a mean age of 21 years (standard deviation, 3.4 years). Their mean age at the time of hard and soft palate closure was 3 years and 8.0 months, respectively. In 40% of the patients, a pharyngoplasty was performed. On a 5-point intelligibility scale, 84.4% received a score of 1 or 2; meaning that their speech was intelligible. We observed a significant correlation between intelligibility scores and the incidence of articulation errors (P<0.001). In total, 36% showed mild to moderate hypernasality during the speech assessment, and 11%-17% of the patients exhibited increased nasalance scores, assessed through nasometry. Conclusions The present study describes long-term speech outcomes after two-stage palatoplasty with hard palate closure at a mean age of 3 years old. We observed moderate long-term intelligibility scores, a relatively high incidence of persistent hypernasality, and a high pharyngoplasty incidence.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.275-307
• /
• 2010

In the presidential new-year address in January 2, 2009, the President declared that 17 kinds of new driving force of growth that could create high-added value be selected to step up job creation and an increase in national wealth. The Ministry of Strategy & Finance announced plans for the 17 kinds of new driving force of growth after the presidential address. Specifically, that ministry announced an ambitious plan to select health care service named 'Global Health Care' as one of the five service industries that could create high-added value in a move to provide jobs to approximately 7,000 people and produce pervasive economic effects coming up to a trillion and 10 billion won. To attain the goal, several action plans were mapped out to globalize domestic medical institutions, to rearrange the relevant law and system for the purposes of raising awareness of domestic medical institutions among foreign patients and improving their accessibility and post-satisfaction level, and to lure lots of foreign patients through financial assistance. At the same time, the government announced plans to lure severe patients such as those in want of surgery or organ transplant, cancer patients or patients with heart diseases to create high-added value on a long-term basis. Thus, the government announced that it planned to formulate such strategies and to enter an agreement with foreign governments to attract plenty of foreign patients. In fact, however, there are little full-scale evaluation of medical tourism though it's been a year since it was introduced, and there are few actual efforts to implement what the government announced, either. According to the results of the evaluation of medical tourism, domestic hospitals are said to undergo little significant changes after the introduction of medical tourism, which shows that they take a dim view of medical tourism instead of having expectations for that. The medical tourism industries in major Asian countries have been dynamized, and there are several factors of their success. First of all, they are successful in creating new market opportunities by incorporating related industries such as medicine, tourism and IT and in developing medical tourism products and differentiated marketing by taking advantage of their competitive edge. They have offered full-fledged assistance to this sector, and another reason is the improved international credibility of their medical service. If our country fails to pinpoint our problems in consideration of the cases of the Asian countries or to provide appropriate financial aid, our country is bound to lag behind them. Given this reality, how to assess medical tourism and what challenges this sector is confronted with are discussed.