• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2016

Fast foods are very popular to adolescent and the sales are increasing due to the convenience, low price, and a broad scale advertisement through mass media. Fast foods are often named as junk foods because of high calorie and fat, low vitamins and minerals contents. This study investigated the intake frequency of hamburger, pizza and fried chicken, the 3 representative fast foods, in 306 male and female high school students living in Daejeon. Data were collected by food frequency questionnaire, and analyzed by SPSS(ver. 18.0). Intake frequency of hamburger, pizza and fried chicken were 33, 29, 17 times per year, respectively. Intake frequency of these 3 fast foods were not sig. different by BMI obesity, breakfast and supper meal frequency, and first time of fast foods intake. But intake frequency of fast foods were different by the allowance, intake frequence of pizza and fried chicken are higher in students with higher allowance. Restrain score of fast foods intake were higher in underweight and obese than normal weight students. There were no sig. difference of intake restrain score by preferable future body figure. As conclusion, the most effective way of reducing the fast food intake frequency in adolescent were cutting down the allowance. Besides that education based on analysis about what are the specific nutritional defects in each fast food may help to change the behavior of fast foods intake.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.763-777
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• 2013

This is a case study on two schools practising integrated science education (hereafter ISE). The purposes of this study are to investigate the types and features of ISE in the schools actively practising ISE, to identify the contextual factors of the schools, and to give implications for implementing ISE in schools. This study investigated the contextual factors in practicing ISE with a focus on the two schools, a middle school in Gyeonggi-do and a high school in Busan. They were breaking down the boundaries among teaching subjects and providing student-oriented instruction with problems in the real world. The data were collected by observing classes, by interviewing teachers, and by reviewing school documents and students' reports. The research findings are as follows: first, the two schools took part in ISE actively. They teach science to students providing integrated experiences mainly by using interdisciplinary knowledge and/or by solving the problems pertaining to the real world. While the former integrated subjects centering on topics, the latter focused on a project-based learning driven by students. They have differences in regard to the role of teachers and students, the level of integration and the type of integration. Second, the contextual factors that enabled ISE to be implemented there were found. The previous studies revealed six contextual factors in practising ISE: small and stable learning environment, leadership, team activities, in-school planning time, flexible timetable and community links. This study also found similar factors. However, the cases of this study provided ISE on a large scale and in a short period of time, instead of a small and stable learning environment. Teachers viewed the process of ISE not only as a tool to overcome the conservative culture of teachers but also as a pursuit of innovation.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.49-68
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• 2007

This paper develop self pre-checkup lists for the validity of business model as web business starters can utilize to open business. In particular, self pre-checkup lists invented by Dr. Bruce Merrifield, is reapplied and modified in appropriate to internet shopping mall business. This paper complete many literature reviews to identify appropriate factors of evaluation such as about the characters of internet business, business validity testing theory for internet business model, pros and cons of e-business and startup ventures, factor analysis of technology valuation, and pros and cons for internet shopping mall. This paper define six different factors; scale of sales, the growth rate of market, competitiveness, risk portfolio, industry upside down, and social conditions, as the factors of evaluating the business attractiveness. Meanwhile, it define characters of CEO, content's power, mutual inclusion, commerce, fulfillment, marketing power as the factors of business appropriateness. This paper also conducts several case studies; company I, D, G of applying the former model. This paper sort out internet business model in imaginations by utilizing self pre-checkup lists of business evaluation. Also, the outcomes of evaluation is expected to provide meaningful future business implications.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.471-480
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• 2015

The market of public-private partnership (PPP) projects has reduced from 9.4 trillion won in 2007 to 4.5 trillion won in 2012. However, the need of PPP projects is brought up by a massive down scale of government financial business. Previous studies regarding PPP projects mostly evaluate profitability from the financial perspective or analyze risk factors as a whole. Although PPP projects generally have complex structure involving diverse stakeholders, such as contractor, financial investor, and special purpose company (SPC) operators, existing studies have rarely considered the different viewpoints of PPP project stakeholders. Therefore, purpose of this study is to develop a structural equation model (SEM) considering the diverse stakeholders of PPP projects. To this end, the authors first reviewed the organizational structure of PPP projects. Next, the identification of the factors affecting project profitability are done via comprehensive literature reviews. After that, we conducted in-depth interviews and questionnaire surveys to reflect stakeholders' perspectives (contractors, financial investors, and SPC operators). As a result, a SEM model is developed to analyze direct and indirect effect on the PPP project performances. Finally, using the analysis results, relevant implications and directions for improvements are discussed. The prediction of the business performance of contractor, financial investor, and SPC operator is expect to be possible through the model developed and supports the strategy deduction that is appropriate for the participants.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.773-778
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• 2015

Global warming has recently become an issue that has resulted in a growing trend to minimize environmental pollution. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has shown that the majority of marine atmospheric pollution occurs as a result of emissions from marine vessels. Therefore, the environmental regulations and emission standards regarding marine vessels have gradually become stricter, and the research and development in this area is experiencing significant progress. In this study, a nozzle for a fuel oil scrubber was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). Experiments were conducted on scaled-down model of the scrubber to determine its performance, which was then compared with CFD results. Based on the experimental results, it was found that at a spray angle of $66^{\circ}$, the spray velocity at the nozzle was 20.1 m/s. From this comparison, a full-scale scrubber model was analyzed using CFD, and the effect of the positioning of the nozzle was studied.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.63-84
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• 2011

There are about 1,500 small or large traditional markets in Korea. Those conventional markets have been struggling for survival in rapidly changing market environment with highly intensified competition by accelerating the entrance of the Large-scale Discount Store and Super Supermarket which are managed and supported by Large companies like Samsung and Lotte. The loosing power of conventional markets have threatened the local merchants' survival and have influenced local economics falling down. To create better value for the customers who have more preference for department store and discount stores than conventional markets, conventional markets should have market orientation, which has three sub dimensions; customer orientation, competitor orientation and inter-functional coordinations. First objective of study is to find the appropriate roles of conventional markets in local areas. Second is to find out the market orientation functions for conventional markets to be survival in local markets in the long terms. Finally, this study will suggest some policies for the appropriate types of successful conventional markets considering various local situations. To achieve those objectives, we did the following procedure. First, we review the previous reports and studies of policies for conventional markets and local economy development, and propose some pros and cons of the previous policies. Secondly, we develop a market orientation framework of conventional markets, in which we suggest the developmental types and functions of market-orientation of conventional markets in accordance with the characteristics of local market and economic conditions of local areas. Then we formulate and discuss the study's contributions, managerial implications, and directions for future policy development. Especially for the policy development, we suggest the efficiency and economical effects of policy, human being development and management system, and the role of government and protection of local merchants in the development process.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.215-218
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• 2012

Objective: Traumatic epidural hematomas (EDHs) in children are a relatively unusual occurrence. The cause and outcome vary depending on period and reg ion of study. The aims of this analysis were to review the cause and outcome of pediatric EDHs nowadays and to discuss outcome-related variables in a large consecutive series of surgically treated EDH in children. Methods: This is a retrospective review of 29 patients with surgically treated EDHs between Jan 2000 and February 2010. Patients' medical records, computed tomographic (Cl) scans, and, if performed, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reviewed to define variables associated with outcome. Variables included in the analysis were age, associated severe intracranial injury, abnormal pupillary response, hematoma thickness, severity of head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score), parenchymal brain injury, and diffuse axonal injury. Results: The mean (SO) age of the patients was 109 months (0-185 months). Most of the injuries with EDHs occurred in traffic accident (14 cases, 48.2%) and followed by slip down in 6 cases and falls in 6 cases. There were one birth injury and one unknown cause. EDHs in traffic accidents occurred in pedestrians hit by a motor vehicle, 9 cases; motorbike and car accidents, 5 cases and bicycle accidents, 1 case. The locations of hematoma were almost same in both sides (left side in 15 cases). Temporal lobe is the most common site of hematomas (13 cases, 44%). The mean size of the EDHs was 18 mm (range, 5-40 mm). Heterogeneous hematomas in CT scans were 20 cases (67%). Two patients were referred with unilateral or bilateral dilated pupil(s). There was enlargement of EDH in 5 patients (17%). All of them were heterogeneous hematomas in CT scans. Except for 4 patients, all EDHs were associated with skull fracture(s) (87%). There was no case of patient with major organ injury. CT or MRI revealed brain contusion in 5 patients, and diffuse axonal injury in one patient The mortality was zero, and the outcomes were excellent in 26 and good in 2 patients. None of the tested variables were found to have a prognostic relevance. Conclusion: Regardless of the EDH size, the clinical status of the patients, the abnormal pupillary findings, or the cause of injury, the outcome and prognosis of the patients with EDH were excellent.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.601-609
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• 2016

This study evaluated the dynamic balance and pain after 12 weeks aquatic exercise in old osteoarthritis patients. The dynamic balances were assessed using 2 different experimental conditions (Open Eye Condition; OEC, Closed Eye Condition; CEC). Twenty-two subjects were assigned one of the two experimental groups: arthritis group (ART, age=$65.25{\pm}5.9$, n=11), control group(CON, age=$64.50{\pm}7$, n=11). All subjects participated in the aquatic exercise program three times a week for 12 weeks. The dynamic balances (OEC (p<.001), CEC (p<.05)) capability were improved significantly in the ART group after 12 week aquatic exercise. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was decreased significantly [Factor 10(Soft chair, p<0.01), 11 (Lying down, p<0.05), 12(Handicap, p<0.05), 13 (Work interference, p<0.01)] in the ART group. In conclusion, aquatic exercise was effective in improving the overall health status and the capacity of dynamic balances and reducing the degree of pain in osteoarthritis patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.4523-4530
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• 2011

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of stretching management on musculoskeletal joint pain in community indwelling elderly farmers. The study included 28 residents who lived in a rural community. All participants were assigned randomly to either the stretching group (n=13, $59.67{\pm}4.77$ year-old) or the control group (n=15, $61.44{\pm}10.41$ year-old). Respondents were interviewed by means of a structured questionnaire. Pain severity of 6 body areas caused by symptoms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and pain severity on day time variations were measured by the visual analogue scale on a self-assessed questionnaire. The stretching group was administered stretching therapy (45 min, 2 sets, warming up and cool down, main exercise; total 19 stretching kinds of subset 5 fields) for 12 times for 4 weeks. There were no significant difference between the two groups in general social and pain characteristics. After 4 weeks of stretching, the stretching group showed significant improvements at almost all joint pain scores except arm/elbow, and day time variation scores of pain compared to both baseline scores, and with control group scores. These results showed that stretching therapy is one of the most useful modalities to manage musculoskeletal pain in community-based elderly farmers.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2020

In Korea, more than 70% of the ammonia(NH₃) released into the atmosphere is known to originate from livestock manure. The total emission (kg year^-1) is calculated by multiplying the emission factor (kg head^-1 yr^-1) and the activity data (head). To improve the accuracy and reliability of the NH₃ emission estimation process, an accurate account of livestock manure production, calculation of NH₃ conversion and generation during the composting and liquefaction of manure, estimation of NH₃ generation in the storage and transportation of manure and compost, and a comparative study of NH₃ emission during the soil spreading process must be performed. Compared to the US and EU-28, in particular, the domestic emission factor is relatively even and the spatial/temporal scale is not broken down sufficiently to reflect the domestic situation. As a way to improve the accuracy and expertise of estimating NH₃ emission factors, a 'dynamic chamber-capture system' can be utilized, which allows complex considerations of compost, liquid manure, soil, and climate characteristics. By reviewing and comparing the data related to domestic and foreign NH₃ emission, we identified shortcomings in the current domestic system and the directions to be taken and suggested a chamber system that could estimate NH₃ emission flux. It is also necessary to establish a methodology for mesocosm systems in the field, in addition to indoor chamber systems, to be linked with practical policies, such as the calculation of new emission factors for missing sources.