• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 국내산 양배추에 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0와 2.5% (w/w)의 천일염을 첨가하여 제조한 sauerkraut의 발효기간(0-7 days)에 따른 품질특성을 연구한 선행연구(Ji와 Kim, 2022) 결과, 가장 적숙기인 발효 4일째의 sauerkraut를 4℃ incubator에 저장하여 소금 농도 및 저장기간(0-28 days)에 따른 품질특성과 미생물 군집을 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 저장기간 동안 0.5-2.5% sauerkraut의 pH 및 염도는 감소하고 총 산도는 증가하는 경향을 보이며 적숙기 범위를 유지하였다(p<0.001). 0.5-2.5%의 sauerkraut 색도 측정 결과, 명도를 나타내는 L값은 저장 20일 이후 유의적으로 감소하였고(p<0.001), 황색도를 나타내는 b값이 저장 20일 이후 유의적으로 증가하여(p<0.001) 외관의 상태가 저장 20일까지 유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 0.5-2.5%의 sauerkraut 경도는 색도와 마찬가지로 저장 20일 이후 유의적으로 감소하여(p<0.001) 식감이 저장 20일 이후 크게 감소하였음을 알 수 있다. 저장 20일 이후의 소금 농도에 따른 색도 및 경도의 차이를 보았을 때, 1.5% 이하 sauerkraut가 낮은 황색도와 높은 명도 및 경도를 보여 외관 및 조직감의 선호도가 높을 것으로 예상한다. 0.5-2.5%의 sauerkraut의 유산균은 저장 24일 이후 유의적으로 감소하였으나(p<0.001), 저장 28일까지 7.06 log CFU/mL 이상을 유지하고 있었다. 또한 소금 농도가 낮을수록 유산균이 높게 유지되었다. 효모는 저장 0일부터 28일까지 유산균과 비슷한 경향으로 감소하였음을 알 수 있다. 대장균군은 0.5-2.5%의 sauerkaut가 저장 0일에 각각 0.17, 0.13, 0.08, 0.08, 0.04 log CFU/mL로 측정되어 검출되었지만 저장 4일 이후 검출되지 않아 본 연구의 sauerkraut는 저장기간 동안 안전성이 높다고 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구의 이화학적 품질 특성과 미생물 군집 결과, 4℃에서 저장한 sauerkraut가 저장 20일까지 품질특성이 우수하였으므로 sauerkraut 발효 후 저장 20일까지 냉장 보관하는 것이 가장 적절하다고 판단된다. 또한 외관의 품질, 식감과 유산균을 고려할 때, 소금 농도 1.5% 이하의 sauerkraut가 더 우수한 저장 능력을 보여주었음을 알 수 있다. 이상의 결과로 안전하고 우수한 품질의 저염 sauerkraut 제조 및 연구의 기초자료를 제공하는데 의미가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 향후 sauerkraut의 저장성 향상을 위한 바이오제닉아민 함량 분석과 관능적 특성을 향상시키기 위한 추가적인 연구도 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.239-247
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• 2022

This study evaluated the sensory characteristics of sauerkraut prepared by adding 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% (w/w) sea salt to cabbage. The quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and acceptance test of sauerkraut were determined for each salt concentration, and the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis were performed to confirm the correlation between each factor. Results of the QDA determined 14 descriptive terms; furthermore, brightness and yellowness of appearance and the sour, salty, and bitter flavors differed significantly according to the salt concentration. Results from the PCA explained 22.56% PC1 and 65.34% PC2 of the total variation obtained. Sauerkraut prepared using 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% sea salt had high brightness, moistness, sour odor, green odor, sour flavor, carbonation, hardness, chewiness, and crispness, whereas sauerkraut prepared with 2.0 and 2.5% sea salt had high yellowness, glossiness, salty flavor, sweet flavor, and bitter flavor. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the products into two clusters: sauerkraut of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%, and sauerkraut of 2.0 and 2.5%. Results of PLSR determined that sauerkraut of 1.0 and 1.5% were the closest to texture, taste, and overall acceptance. We, therefore, conclude that sauerkrauts prepared using 1.0 and 1.5% sea salt have excellent characteristics in appearance, taste, and texture.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.64-67
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• 2005

Commercial kimchi and sauerkraut were analyzed for their D- and L-lactic acid contents. Ranges of D- and L-lactic acid contents in commercial kimchi were 17-57 (38.51 mean) and 25-87 (64.47 mean) mM, respectively. Ratio of D-lactic acid on L-lactic acid (D/L) was 0.50-0.80 (0.60 mean). Ranges of D- and L-lactic acid contents in commercial sauerkraut were 68.96-103.62 (88.97 mean) and 74.46-82.26 (78.91 mean) mM, respectively, with D/L of 0.90-1.26 (1.13 mean). Results reveal kimchi and sauerkraut contained a significant amount of D-lactic acid, with sauerkraut showing a higher content than kimchi, while L-lactic acid contents were not significantly different.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2022

This study investigated the minimum salt concentration required for achieving the optimal quality characteristics of sauerkrauts made by adding 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% (w/w) of sea salt to cabbage according to the fermentation period. For evaluating the quality characteristics, we measured the microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and coliform group), pH, total acidity, salinity, chromaticity, and hardness every 24 hours. The lactic acid bacteria were identified and analyzed, and acceptance test was carried out on the 4^th day of fermentation. The results showed that the salinity of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% sauerkrauts on the 4^th day of fermentation was lower than the average salinity of Baechu-Kimchi. The 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% sauerkrauts had significantly higher lactic acid bacteria than the 2.5% sample, and the coliform group was not detected after the 5^th day of fermentation. Among the microbes identified, Weissella cibaria JCM 12495 was found only in domestic sauerkraut, in addition to Lactococcus lactis NCDO 604, Leuconostoc citreum JCM 9698, and Lactobacillus sakei DSM 20017. The results of the acceptance test show that 1.0 and 1.5% sea salt sauerkraut had significantly higher overall acceptance compared to the other samples. In conclusion, sauerkraut with a salt concentration of 1.0 and 1.5% (w/w) had abundant lactic acid bacteria and excellent sensory properties, suggesting that the production of low-salted sauerkraut can be adopted to reduce consumer salt intake in the future.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1069-1072
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• 2011

A real-time PCR assay method was established to monitor Leuconostoc spp. populations via specific amplification of the dextransucrase gene. Quantification of L. mesenteroides B-512F using both genomic DNA and cell suspensions yielded a log-linear correlation spanning approximately 5 log units. By using this method, monitoring changes of Leuconostoc spp. during sauerkraut fermentation was successfully accomplished with accuracy after inoculation of starter and sugars (sucrose and maltose).

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.356-370
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine the Western perspective on the food and food culture of Modern Times in Korea (from the late of Joseon Dynasty until Japanese colonial era). Literature and written records were analyzed. This analysis revealed that the heart of the mill in this period involved rice, and that a common beverage was sungnyung made from boiled scorched rice (in contrast to tea as the common beverage in Japan or China). The most important subsidiary food in Joseon was vegetables, especially Kimchi. Westerners viewed Kimchi as a smell symbolizing Joseon and their meal times. Even though both Kimchi and cheese are fermented food, just like Westerners could not stand the smell of Kimchi, Koreans viewed the smell of cheese unpleasant. Westerners viewed German sauerkraut as Western food counterpart to Kimchi, as sauerkraut is also fermented food made of cabbage. Regarding the eating of dog meat in Joseon, most Westerners viewed it as brutal; however some interpreted it as a difference in food culture. In addition, the eating of raw fish and its intestines felt crude to Westerners. The biggest difference between Joseon's food and Western food was that Joseon had no dairy products and no sugar. The most highly preferred fruit for Westerners was the persimmon, and ginseng was already widely recognized and recorded as a medicinal plant. Joseon's desserts were also favorably evaluated. In contrast, the excessive gluttony, heavy drinking, and unsanitary conditions in Joseon were problems pointed out in many records.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1518-1522
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• 2012

Leuconostoc mesenteroides is a heterofermentative Grampositive bacterium that plays key roles in fermentation of foods such as kimchi, sauerkraut, and milk, leading to the production of various organic acids and aromatic compounds. To study the microbiological and genomic characteristics of L. mesenteroides, we have developed a new chemically defined minimal medium by using the single omission technique. During the exponential cell growth, this species required glutamine, methionine, valine, and nicotinic acid as essential nutrients and 8 amino acids (arginine, cysteine, histidine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, and tryptophan), 5 vitamins (ascorbic acid, folic acid, inosine, calcium panthothenate, and thiamine), and others (manganese, magnesium, adenine, uracil, and Tween 80) as supplemental nutrients. This medium is useful to study the metabolic characteristics of L. mesenteroides and to explain its role in food fermentation.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.274-283
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• 2021

What is the origin of kimchi and what changes did it go through to become the kimchi of today? Also, what makes kimchi different from other pickled vegetables such as Chinese paochai, Japanese tsukemono, and Western pickles, and sauerkraut, and what is the identity of kimchi? This study is the result of thought on these fundamental questions about kimchi which is the only pickled vegetable distributed around the world that uses a fermented and ripened animal seasoning called jeotgal (salted marine life) to dramatically improve its umami taste and nutritional value, thereby securing its uniqueness. Kimchi has further evolved into a unique and high-quality pickled vegetable through the use of its specialized seasoning, adopting a composite fermentation mechanism and absorbing new ingredients such as red pepper. It is expected that this paper will invigorate the discussion on the firm establishment of the identity of kimchi and the future direction that it may take.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.160-168
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• 2016

Objectives: Materials coming into contact with food may result in the migration of chemical substances into the food. To protect consumers from exposure, Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 specifies the use of standard migration tests. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), widely used for food packaging materials, has drawn the attention of researchers because unwanted migration of PET into food might occur when consumers reuse packaging material. The aim of this study was to predict and develop a migration model for two components, acetaldehyde and butyraldehyde in PET, into food simulants under conditions of changing pH and solvents, such as those observed in fermented foods like kimchi or sauerkraut. Methods: Using a migration model based on Fick's second law of diffusion in one dimension, the migration of acetaldehyde and butyraldehyde from PET into a simulant of fermented food at $20^{\circ}C$ over 10 days was evaluated. The simulant for fermented food was modelled as 10% ethanol for three days, followed by 3% acetic acid for seven days. Results: The migration of acetaldehyde into the 10% ethanol was 0.36 times that of a simulated fermented food system, while that of butyraldehyde was 1.34 times greater. These results may have been influenced by the chemical interactions among the migrants, polymers and simulants, as well as by the solubilities of the migrants in polymers and simulants. Conclusion: Because food simulants have a limited capacity to mimic real food systems under the current migration model, an appropriate simulant and migration test should be considered in the case of increasing acidity. Furthermore, since the accuracy of the worst-case estimation of migration predicted by the current model is severely limited under changing food conditions, food simulants and their interactions should be further investigated with respect to conservative migration modelling.